Motorcyclists of 3. Panzer-Division in the Summer 1942

In the summer of 1942 the 3. Panzer-Division, under the command of Generalmajor Hermann Breith, formed part of the German forces committed to Fall Blau, the major offensive launched on the southern sector of the Eastern Front with the strategic aim of seizing the Caucasian oil fields. After participating in the successful counteroffensive that eliminated the Soviet bridgehead west of the Donez during the Second Battle of Kharkov in May, the division was fully reconstituted and assigned to the XXXX. Panzerkorps within the 1. Panzerarmee of Heeresgruppe A. Beginning on 28 June it advanced rapidly eastward from the Kharkov area toward Voronezh, contributing to the capture of that city by early July before turning south along the Don. Crossing the lower Don near Rostov, the division pressed deep into the Kuban steppe and the northern Caucasus, covering hundreds of kilometres in successive advances that carried its Panzer-Regiment 6 and supporting Panzergrenadier elements through Armavir and beyond. By mid-August the 3. Panzer-Division had reached the Terek River sector near Mozdok, where it engaged in intense fighting against determined Soviet defences protecting the approaches to Grozny. Supply difficulties, fuel shortages and lengthening lines of communication progressively slowed the advance, while Soviet resistance stiffened amid the rugged terrain of the Caucasus foothills. Throughout these operations the division’s tanks, predominantly Panzer III and Panzer IV models, spearheaded rapid thrusts in cooperation with neighbouring formations such as the 13. Panzer-Division and 23. Panzer-Division. Despite initial successes that brought German forces to within striking distance of the vital oil centres, the offensive ultimately stalled short of its objectives. Heavy casualties accumulated during the prolonged engagements around Mozdok and along the Terek, depleting the division’s combat strength by the end of the summer campaign. On 1 October 1942 command passed from Generalleutnant Hermann Breith to Generalleutnant Franz Westhoven as the division prepared for further operations in the Caucasus theatre.

Source :
https://yuripasholok.livejournal.com/14933905.html

Afrikakorps in Color

DEUTSCHES AFRIKAKORPS


SdKfz 141 Panzerkampfwagen III Ausf. G tanks of Panzer-Regiment 5 being unloaded in Tripoli, 10 March 1941. These were armed with the 5 cm L/42 gun and had the addition of a turrent ventilator added to the top of the turret just forward of the cupola. They also came with the new cupola design. Also seen are Le.gl. Einheits LKW 2.5 ton 6x6 "Einheitsdiesel” transport trucks loading supplies. The bulk of the Panzer-Regiment 5 /  5.Leichte-Division arrives in Tripoli where they are unloaded. The following were unloaded : PzKpfw I Ausf A (25), PzKpfw II Ausf C (45), PzKpfw III Ausf G (61), PzKpfw IV Ausf D (17), Panzer Befehlswagen command tanks (3 x SdKfz 265 Panzerbefehlswagen based on the Panzer I chassis and 4 x Sd.Kfz. 266 Panzerbefehlswagen Ausf. E based on the Panzer III chassis). Leutnant Joachim Schorm of 6.Kompanie / II.Abteilung / Panzer-Regiment 5 records in his diary his arrival in Tripoli and the vivid scenes greeting him and the rest of the regiment: “We enter the harbour at Tripoli. We have done it! 15 miles from us, it's true, an Italian merchant ship and two tankers were sunk by submarines. Behind the colonel and adjutant, I leave the Marburg at 1300 hours at the head of half of 6th Company. The scene in the docks is indescribably picturesque. Rommel and German officers [are dressed] in field grey, the Luftwaffe in khaki trousers, breeches, shorts, the Italians in every conceivable uniform.”



Deutsches Afrikakorps (DAK) soldiers on the open rear gate of a truck. One has received a field main package from home. The contents are eagerly inspected - cigarettes, a piece of ham and a sausage. Behind the side one can see two drinking water canisters. Gasoline and water canisters had the same appearance, and so in order to prevent accidental mix-ups, a white cross was painted on both sides of the water canisters. The German Feldpost system provided essential postal services for the soldiers of the Deutsches Afrikakorps throughout the North African campaign from 1941 to 1943, enabling free transmission of postcards and letters up to certain weights while packages required only a nominal fee, thereby sustaining morale among the ranks in the harsh desert environment. Each unit down to the level of an Abteilung received a unique five-digit Feldpostnummer to conceal locations and troop movements from potential enemy intelligence, with the first Feldpostamt serving the initial deployments being number 735 attached to the Generalkommando and the 5. Leichte-Division. Soldiers such as a simple Gefreiter or an Oberleutnant would write their Feldpostnummer on envelopes addressed home, often receiving Benachrichtigungskarten informing families of the code for return correspondence, while the service operated through mobile Feldpostämter that processed mail for Heer, Luftwaffe, and supporting elements under the command of Generalfeldmarschall Erwin Rommel. Transport of these letters across the Mediterranean relied on ships and aircraft amid constant Allied interdiction, yet the priority given to Feldpost reflected the recognition that delayed news from the Heimat could undermine a Soldat’s resolve and duty performance in the face of extreme heat, sand, and scarcity. Distinctive Palmenstempel cachets featuring palm trees appeared on many covers from Afrikakorps units as unofficial marks of unit pride applied at rear-area or Feldpostamt level, though regulations strictly forbade revealing locations or using alternative civilian routes such as Italian post offices. Airmail via limited Luftpost stamps allowed faster delivery for a restricted number of items per month, while ordinary mail traveled by whatever means available, including trucks of Nachschub columns, ensuring contact between the front and Germany even as the force expanded toward nearly 200,000 men supported by multiple Feldpostämter by early 1943. Censorship remained rigorous to prevent leakage of operational details, and soldiers were instructed not to carry letters into combat positions lest they fall into enemy hands, yet many still treasured correspondence from loved ones. The system continued functioning under increasingly difficult conditions during the retreat into Tunisia, handling front-to-home, home-to-front, and even front-to-front mail until the final capitulation, after which surviving personnel sometimes continued correspondence as prisoners. Overall, the Feldpost of the Deutsches Afrikakorps stood as a vital logistical and psychological bridge, operated by dedicated postal personnel integrated into the Wehrmacht structure, that linked every rank from the ordinary Landser to senior officers with their families across vast distances and wartime hazards.



Afrikakorps Panzergrenadiere from Schützen-Regiment 115 / 15.Panzer-Division with an MG34 in the desert nest during Operation Scorpion. They were part of Kampfgruppe von Herff, commanded by Oberst Maximilian von Herff. Operation Scorpion or Unternehmen Skorpion, from 26–27 May 1941, was a military operation during the North African Campaign of World War II, fought between Axis forces under Oberst Herff and British forces under Lieutenant-General William "Strafer" Gott. A counter-attack was made on British positions at Halfaya Pass in north-western Egypt, which had been captured during Operation Brevity (15–16 May 1941). Skorpion was the second offensive operation commanded by Rommel in Africa (apart from the Siege of Tobruk) and pushed the British out of Halfaya Pass, back to the area from Buq Buq to Sofafi. The Germans and Italians fortified the pass and built other strong points back towards Sidi Azeiz as tank killing zones, ready to meet another British attack. The British continued preparations for Operation Battleaxe (15–17 June 1941). Battleaxe was another costly British failure that led to the sacking of General Sir Archibald Wavell, Commander-in-Chief Middle East and other senior officers.



BMW R 75 of DAK (Deutsches Afrikakorps) in the North African desert. Motorcycle showing symbols for 1.(leichte)Batterie / I.Abteilung / Artillerie-Regiment 155 / 21.Panzer-Division (also symbol on sidecar mudguard is for motorized infantry). Motorcycles equipped with sidecar and machine gun just like in this picture were widely used by the german messengers along the various war fronts. The BMW R 75 motorcycle combination, with its powerful opposed-twin engine and robust sidecar, served as a vital asset for the Deutsches Afrikakorps throughout the North African desert campaigns of the Second World War. Operating under the leadership of Generalfeldmarschall Erwin Rommel, these machines enabled rapid reconnaissance, courier missions, and mobile fire support across the vast sands of Libya and Egypt. Crews typically consisting of an Unteroffizier or Gefreiter as driver and a second soldier manning an MG 34 machine gun mounted on the sidecar could traverse soft dunes and rocky tracks with relative ease thanks to the large balloon tires and locking differential. The shaft drive system resisted the abrasive effects of sand far better than chain-driven alternatives, while the air-cooled engine endured extreme heat without frequent overheating. In the fluid battles around Tobruk, Gazala, and El Alamein, Aufklärungsabteilungen of the Deutsches Afrikakorps employed the BMW R 75 for flanking maneuvers and to maintain contact between dispersed units. Spare fuel cans and water containers strapped to the frame extended operational range in the waterless Sahara, where mechanical reliability often decided survival. Despite relentless dust storms that clogged filters and scorched metal, the motorcycle’s simple construction allowed field repairs by ordinary Soldaten using basic tools. Its distinctive silhouette became a familiar sight in the Afrika Korps columns advancing toward the Nile or withdrawing westward under pressure. The combination of speed, firepower, and endurance made the BMW R 75 indispensable for the mobile warfare doctrine practiced by the Deutsches Afrikakorps. Even after the final retreat from Tunisia, veterans remembered the machine as a symbol of ingenuity amid the harsh desert environment that tested both men and equipment to their limits.

DAK (Deutsches Afrikakorps) soldiers eating their rations in the desert of North Africa. The very important issue of rations had to be addressed as well and was not just a matter of transferring the European diet and applying it the the Tropical theatre. The hot climate would turn many foods inedible in a relatively short space of time and foods such as potatoes and bread were replaced with black bread in a carton and dried peas and beans. Rice was also issued but the main food was bread which was either German Kommisbrot or Italian Maisbrot with olive oil instead of butter which would go off rapidly in the heat of the desert but the olive oil proved very unpopular with German troops. The Italians were forced to provide foodstuffs for the Germans which included coffee beans, cooking oil, marmalade and tins of preserved meat which was also very unpopular with both German and Italian troops. The tins were stamped with the initials AM which stood for "Administrazione Militare" but the Germans always refereed to this as Alte Mann (Old Man) or as some Italians called it "Asinus Mussolini" (Mussolini's Arse) due to it's rancid taste but they  went one better calling it Arabio Morte (Dead Arab). Captured tins of British corned beef, white bread, jam, hard tack biscuits and tinned fruit were considered a luxury and was most a most welcome supplement to the bland tasting rations issued to the Afrika Korps. The British thought their rations were terrible and welcomed captured German foodstuffs as well! Fresh meat was sometimes procured in the shape of a goat or pig but this was a rare occurrence as livestock was relatively hard to come by and the preservation of fresh meat in the desert was difficult to say the least. Perhaps the most important commodity in the desert was water. Vital for sustaining life and keeping vehicles moving it was important to preserve it as best as possible. The "Jerrycan" as it was nicknamed by the British could hold 4.5 gallons of either water, fuel or lubricants and was much preferred to the British petrol can which would often leak and much of its precious cargo of fuel or water would be lost, a very serious situation as being stranded in the desert miles from friendly or even hostile lines could prove fatal. Both sides marked their respective water cans with a white cross to denote it was carrying water and  this would mean that the particular can in question would never hold the wrong substance as water stored in a can that previously contained petrol would be undrinkable ( a lesson found out by the United Nations troops stationed in the congo during the 1960's).

These young Afrikakorps troopers are resting somewhere in the Western Desert, probably during 1942. Their uniforms need to be suitable for the hot days and cool nights. In the vast expanse of the Western Desert during 1942, soldiers of the Deutsches Afrikakorps sought rest after long days of marching and combat under the relentless African sun. By day they wore lightweight olive cotton Tropenuniformen consisting of open-collar Feldblusen, Tropenhemden, and either lange Hosen or kurze Hosen that allowed air to circulate freely in the intense heat. As darkness fell and temperatures plummeted toward freezing, these same men pulled on dark chocolate-brown woolen Tropenmäntel over their cotton garments and often added olive-brown wool pullovers for extra warmth. An Obergefreiter might curl up beside his Unteroffizier under a shared Zeltbahn, while a Gefreiter lay on the hard sand wrapped tightly in his greatcoat, his Tropenhelm or faded Feldmütze resting nearby. The sudden chill forced every Schütze to layer carefully, for the same fabric that had shielded him from midday glare now trapped precious body heat against the night wind. Many improvised by drawing captured British blankets across their shoulders or sleeping close to their vehicles for residual warmth from the engines. Sand still found its way into every fold of clothing, and the desert silence was broken only by occasional coughs or the distant howl of jackals. Despite exhaustion, sleep remained light and uneasy, for sentries of the Afrikakorps kept watch against surprise attacks. The practical design of their tropical kit, from breathable daytime shirts to heavy night coats, enabled these troops to endure the extreme diurnal swings that defined desert warfare. In this harsh setting the men of the Deutsches Afrikakorps learned that survival depended as much on adaptation of uniform as on courage in battle.


German Afrikakorps soldiers under camouflage net in African Campaign, Northern Africa, 1942. Like other militaries, the Wehrmacht understood that concealing war machines or HQ in either defensive or offensive manoeuvres would increase the likelihood to survived in the encounter. In addition to camouflage painted on to the machines itself, they would also use foliage (branches from bushes and trees, grass or hay from fields, river-side reeds, even stacks of wood) to cover the machines, usually from the front to make it even harder to spot and differintiate from its surroundings. They would also, on occassion, use camouflage tarps and canvases, as well as camouflage netting to further conceal the machines from being spotted. As the war became more defensive for the Germans, the frequency of war machines being camouflaged in this way, waiting in ambush for the enemy, also increasingly common. Retreating units would often cut out foliage and leave it along the roads to help other retreating units conceal their vehicles as they fell back and to make setting up the next ambush that much faster. There were also ocassions where crews would apply a thin layer of mud or snow to the vehicle to help camouflage it with its surroundings. The picture was taken by Reinhard Schultz



In the summer of 1942, Il Duce Benito Mussolini (marked with arrow) visits Tobruk, Libya, not long after its recaptured from the Commonwealth forces by "The Desert Fox" Erwin Rommel. In this picture, Mussolini is surrounded by his officers: the first officer from left is Vice Admiral Giuseppe Lombardi (Superior Naval Commander in Libya, with headquarters in Tobruk), then another Admiral (or maybe an Air force general). The third and fourth is Army generals. Mussolini himself have the peculiar rank insigna of Primo Maresciallo dell' Impero (a rank only for him and the King). The two officers at far right were Germans, from left to right: General der Infanterie Enno von Rintelen (Bevollmächtigten Deutschen General beim Hauptquartier der italienischen Wehrmacht) and Oberst Hans Hecker (Pionierführer Panzerarmee Afrika). Look at the ribbon bar (italian decorations), the Spange zum Eisernes Kreuz I.Klasse, and Kriegsverdienstkreuz I.Klasse mit Schwertern in Rintelen's uniform, while Hecker (a Ritterkreuzträger) wearing Spange zum Eisernes Kreuz I.Klasse, Verwundetenabzeichen in Silber, and Allgemeines-Sturmabzeichen.

German Afrikakorps soldiers reading "Deutsche Illustrierte" and "Die Woche" magazines in their staff car that parked in the barren North African desert, while a Kar98k rifle protruding in the back seat. "Deutsche Illustrierte" was a large-format weekly magazine, while "Die Woche" was a weekly issued family magazine. These magazines are packed with photos and home front activities. It also depicts news, art, culture etc. During the North African campaign of the Second World War the soldiers of the Deutsches Afrikakorps received a range of printed materials designed to inform, entertain and sustain morale under the harsh desert conditions. The principal field newspaper was Die Oase, the Feldzeitung der deutschen Truppen in Afrika (also styled Feldzeitung des Deutschen Afrikakorps), which appeared weekly from March 1941 until at least May 1943 and was produced by the local Propagandakompanie under the supervision of the Abteilung Wehrmachtspropaganda of the Oberkommando der Wehrmacht. Edited by Soldat Martin Gläser and distributed free of charge in a large two-page format, Die Oase carried reports on the fighting in Libya and Egypt, news from other fronts, unit notices and lighter features that reminded the men of home. After the Allied landings in November 1942 a companion paper, Die Karawane – Feldzeitung der deutschen Soldaten in Tunesien, began publication for the troops then concentrated in Tunisia. In addition to these front newspapers the men of the Deutsches Afrikakorps regularly received home editions of major Reich newspapers and illustrated magazines such as Signal through the Feldpost system, although sandstorms, fuel shortages and enemy action frequently delayed delivery. The Propagandakompanien attached to the corps, among them elements later known as Propagandakompanie Tunis, also prepared photographic reports and occasional special issues that were shared among the ranks. Generalfeldmarschall Erwin Rommel and successive commanding officers recognised the value of these publications in maintaining the cohesion of the force, which had begun life in February 1941 under Generalleutnant Erwin Rommel as Befehlshaber der deutschen Truppen in Libyen before being redesignated Deutsches Afrikakorps. Even as the campaign turned against the Axis in late 1942 and early 1943, copies of Die Oase continued to reach the forward positions, offering the last regular written contact with the wider war and with the homeland until the final capitulation in May 1943.

Rare Colour Picture of German Marder III (7.5cm PaK40.3 auf PzKpfw 38(t) Ausf H - Sd.Kfz. 138 Model) Tank Destroyers in Tunisia. Probably newly arrived and prepared to be sent to the front packed with gasoline drums and jerrycans. An unknown number of 7,5cm Pak40/3 auf Pz.38(t) Ausf.H (Sd.Kfz 138) did make it to Tunisia, and the only known units thus far to be known to have this vehicle was the 2.Kompanie / Panzerjäger-Abteilung 39 and the schwere Schwadron / Panzer-Aufklärungs-Abteilung 580. There is another image title "North Africa-unknown date. Vehicle captured in Tunis" on page 24 of the Zimmerit Press booklet by David V. Nielsen entitled 'Panzerkampfwagen 38(t)' which shows a 7,5cm Pak40/3 auf Pz.38(t) Ausf.H (Sd.Kfz 138). There appears that the DAK palm tree is located on the right side of the front plate and on the left there is a tactical symbol that looks like the front of an elephant's head. While the tactical marking, is for a Kavallerie Aufklärungs-Abteilung. It seems that units of the 90. leichte Afrika-Division carried some variations on the elephant theme of troop markings, (i.e. the 7,62cm FK auf SdKfz6, w/ H.Pz.Jg.Abt.605 etc.), so it is possibly belongs to the Panzer-Aufklärungs-Abteilung 580.BTW, an excellent reference on how the shade of RAL8000 looked like on the Hull and Wheels, RAL8020 on the Jerrycans, in addition to their fuel stowage!

A pile of helmets taken from the German Afrika Korps after their surrender at the Battle Of El Guettar, April 1943. Photo by Eliot Elisofon. Helmets were usually only retained until POW physically left the combat zone, most prisoners then discarded them and wore their field caps instead. This will have been a dumping point for helmets - note also that a lot of the unpopular pith helmets have been thrown away! Clothing, hats, medals,gear were frequently stolen by those who captured them. BTW, The Geneva convention dictate that POWs should be kept within 200 miles of the latitude they were captured in. Germans captured in North Africa were largely detained along Georgia, Texas, and Arizona corridor. The US was one of very few nations that actually followed this protocol!

German exchange POWs (mostly Afrikakorps) during welcoming ceremony in Stuttgart, summer of 1944. The Geneva Convention makes provision for the repatriation of all Prisoners of War, even during hostilities. During 1939-1945 it was only possible for the British and Germans to reach agreement over the seriously ill and disabled. For the majority of the 40,000 British servicemen who were taken prisoner in 1939 and 1940, the war was to be a very long and dispiriting experience. Negotiations, conducted through the Red Cross, over the repatriation of seriously wounded men, had begun in late 1940. They did not progress very far because there were far fewer German men in this category than British. It was only after substantial numbers of Germans were taken prisoner in the Desert campaign of 1942 that the talks resumed. The actual exchange of prisoners did not take place until October 1943. Other pictures from this series can be seen HERE.

 
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LUFTWAFFE

The Luftwaffe’s involvement in North Africa began in early 1941 when elements of the X. Fliegerkorps were transferred from Sicily to support the newly arrived Deutsches Afrikakorps under Generalleutnant Erwin Rommel, with the specialised command Fliegerführer Afrika being established in February 1941 under Generalmajor Stefan Fröhlich to provide tactical air support from Libyan bases such as Sirte and later Derna. Operating initially under the X. Fliegerkorps and from late 1941 under Luftflotte 2, the Fliegerführer Afrika directed a relatively small force that rarely exceeded 130 operational aircraft at any one time, including Messerschmitt Bf 109 fighters of Jagdgeschwader 27, Junkers Ju 87 Stukas of Sturzkampfgeschwader 1 and Sturzkampfgeschwader 3, twin-engined Messerschmitt Bf 110s of Zerstörergeschwader 26, and Junkers Ju 88 bombers of Lehrgeschwader 1, together with reconnaissance and transport units. These formations flew close air support, fighter sweeps, and interdiction missions during Rommel’s advances across Cyrenaica in 1941, the prolonged siege of Tobruk, the successful Gazala offensive of 1942 that culminated in the capture of Tobruk, and the subsequent drive to El Alamein. Despite often achieving temporary local air superiority and delivering effective dive-bombing against Allied positions, the Luftwaffe in North Africa was chronically hampered by long supply lines across the Mediterranean, chronic shortages of fuel, spare parts and replacement aircraft, and the need to divert substantial strength against the stubborn British base at Malta. After the Allied victory at the Second Battle of El Alamein in October–November 1942 and the Anglo-American landings in Operation Torch, the remaining forces under Generalmajor Hans Seidemann retreated into Tunisia, where the Stab of Fliegerführer Afrika was redesignated Fliegerkorps Tunis in February 1943; by then Allied numerical superiority in the air had become overwhelming, and the last Axis aircraft were destroyed or captured when the campaign ended with the surrender of all German and Italian forces in May 1943.



German Luftwaffe soldiers near the burning wreck of an American Lockheed P-38 Lightning "ES-J" fighter aircraft that shot down in Tunisia, early 1943. The plane belong to the USAAF's 48th Fighter-Squadron / 14th Fighter Group. This picture was first published in the SIGNAL magazine, May 1943 edition. Operation Torch (the invasion of North West Africa) was the first major Anglo-American operation of the Second World War. It was also the first time the P-38 saw significant action against the Luftwaffe. The only indication of how the P-38 would cope against German fighter aircraft came from a test flight against a captured Fw 190. Two P-38 equipped Fighter Groups – the 1st and 14th – were allocated to Operation Torch, with a third (the 78th) kept in reserve in Britain. They did not play a part in the initial landings on 8 November 1942 – the 14th FG did not go operational in North Africa until 11th November. At first they were based in western Algeria, as part of the Central Task Force that had occupied by Oran, but in the days that followed the Germans built up an impressive presence in Tunisia, and the P-38 groups were moved east, initially to Algiers. The 14th FG was first, moving to the recently captured airbase at Youks-les-Bains, with the first squadron moving on 21 November. This base was close to the Tunisian border, and the P-38s soon found themselves coming up against the increasingly strong Luftwaffe presence in North Africa. Over the next two months the 14th FG carried out a mix of ground attack, bomber escort and air superiority missions. At first they had been involved in supporting the first, unsuccessful, attempt to capture Tunis, which had occupied most of late November 1942. The front line was 150 miles east of Youks, not a problem for the P-38, but there were never enough aircraft. P-38 formations on fighter sweeps over Tunisia were often outnumbered by formations of Bf 109s and Fw 190s. The 14th FG suffered very heavy losses during this period. Between November 1942 and 28 January 1943 the group lost 32 pilots (out of an original complement of 54) and had been reduced to only seven operational aircraft. During its first period of service in North Africa, the 14th FG claimed 62 victories. Even though North Africa had been given the highest possible priority for new P-38s, there simply weren’t enough aircraft being produced in late 1942 to sustain such heavy losses. On 28 January the 14th FG was withdrawn, and replaced by the 82nd Fighter Group, also equipped with the P-38.

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ERWIN ROMMEL


This picture was taken by Fritz Sturm and it shows Generalleutnant Erwin Rommel (Kommandierender General Deutsches Afrikakorps) with his staff in the inspection to the gun positions of I.Abteilung / Artillerie-Regiment 33 (motorisiert) / 15.Panzer-Division near Point 206, about 5 km south of Fort Capuzzo at Solum front, May/June 1941. Behind him facing the camera and holding a pair of binoculars is Major Lucius Günther Schrivenbach (12 September 1911 - 2007), a staff officer of the "Desert Fox" in his campaign in Africa (1941-1943) and in Normandy (1944), followed by the same position for Generalfeldmarschall Gerd von Rundstedt to the end of war. Rommel was loved by the enlisted men under his command and quite detested by his officers as they considered him interfering and that he didn’t trust them to do their actual jobs. As a general though he acted as a captain. Rommel is quite often praised for his tactical abilities. Tactics though (the small scale stuff, what soldiers do in battle) wasn’t supposed to be what a general worried about. Rommel was quite an interfering general. German military officers were trained to think for themselves. Today this is known as Mission Type Tactics. The commander was supposed to give an order which stated the resources available to be used (troops, tanks, etc.) and the objective. It was up to the lower ranked officers to use their own initiative in how to obtain the objective. Erwin Rommel gave orders with specific instructions and expected them to be followed to the letter. He would also drive around the front and give orders to soldiers thus cutting their actual officers off (there’s accounts of him issuing individual targets to anti-tank guns rather than let their own officers decide and almost being killed by the return fire!).



Together with his staff officers, on 2 July 1941 General der Panzertruppe Erwin Rommel (left, Kommandierender General Deutsches Afrikakorps) made a visit to the headquarters of I.Bataillon / Schützen-Regiment 104 / 15.Panzer-Division in the Sollum front, which is on the border Libya-Egypt. During this visit, in particular "Der Wüstenfuchs" (The Desert Fox) congratulated the commander of the battalion, Hauptmann der Reserve Wilhelm Bech (walking at the forefront with Rommel), who in the battle a month earlier managed to withstand the British tank forces who were trying to break through the Halfaya Pass in order to free their comrades who were besieged in Tobruk, in a mass attack codenamed Operation Battleaxe (15-17 June 1941). For three full days Bach and his men endured wave after wave of enemy tank attacks, with only a platoon of Flak 88 cannons as their main weapon. Although Rommel himself had ordered the Bataillonskommandeur to retreat to a more adequate defensive location "if possible", Bach interpreted his commander's last words in the opposite direction: a counterattack that succeeded in repelling the British troops! For this phenomenal achievement, Bach - who is a former priest (!) - was awarded the prestigious Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes on July 9, 1941, just a week after this photo was taken. The Flak 88 itself was originally an anti-aircraft gun, but it can be just as good when it comes to hitting tank targets on the ground. BTW, in April 1941 - which was only one month after Rommel arrived in North Africa - German forces managed to defeat the invading British army and driven it out of Libya, except for one stubborn ANZAC garrison which remained in the port city of Tobruk (despite being besieged by a combined force of Italian and German Afrikakorps). Over the next year, the re-capture of Tobruk became Rommel's biggest obsession, because without it all German efforts to conquer Egypt would be vulnerable. When the port city was finally occupied in June 1942, a grateful Hitler rewarded Rommel with an extraordinary promotion to Generalfeldmarschall.

Generalfeldmarschall Erwin Rommel (Oberbefehlshaber Panzerarmee "Afrika") was seen listening seriously as an unknown Hauptmann explained the current, critical situation. To the right stood Oberstleutnant Otto Heymer (Stabs-Offizier der Luftwaffe beim Afrikakorps) who is holding a map. These two people (Heymer and Rommel) were known for not getting along and not liking each other. In the end, Heymer left the African front not long after. This photo itself was taken at the El Alamein Front, Egypt, in late October 1942. Rommel left North Africa on sick leave on 22 September 1942, and only returned on 25 October. During his absence, British troops from Montgomery's Eighth Army carried out a surprise attack on German and Italian defense positions around El Alamein on October 23, and succeeded in making breakthroughs on several fronts. The condition of the German troops worsened the next day when Rommel's temporary replacement in Africa, General der Panzertruppe Georg Stumme, died suddenly of a heart attack. All of these unfortunate events forced "The Desert Fox" to rush back to North Africa to stabilize the situation.


Generalfeldmarschall Erwin Rommel (Oberbefehlshaber Panzerarmee "Afrika") was seen listening seriously as an unknown Hauptmann explained the current, critical situation. Blocked by him is Oberstleutnant Otto Heymer (Stabs-Offizier der Luftwaffe beim Afrikakorps) who is holding a map. These two people (Heymer and Rommel) were known for not getting along and not liking each other. In the end, Heymer left the African front not long after. This photo itself was taken at the El Alamein Front, Egypt, in late October 1942. Rommel left North Africa on sick leave on 22 September 1942, and only returned on 25 October. During his absence, British troops from Montgomery's Eighth Army carried out a surprise attack on German and Italian defense positions around El Alamein on October 23, and succeeded in making breakthroughs on several fronts. The condition of the German troops worsened the next day when Rommel's temporary replacement in Africa, General der Panzertruppe Georg Stumme, died suddenly of a heart attack. All of these unfortunate events forced "The Desert Fox" to rush back to North Africa to stabilize the situation.

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FIGURES


Generalmajor Carl Böttcher (Kommandeur 21. Panzer-Division) wearing an early model, factory-made, General officers' tropical peaked cap. The soutache and the officers' braid are gold-coloured, and the eyelets green. The ends of the soutache appear to be folded between the base of the cap's brow and its peak. Böttcher, born on 25 October 1889 in Thorn, served as an experienced artillery officer who arrived in North Africa with Artillerie-Kommandeur 104 under the Deutsches Afrikakorps commanded by Erwin Rommel. In the autumn of 1941, during the intense fighting of Operation Crusader, he led an independent Kampfgruppe that successfully repelled superior British forces attempting a breakthrough toward Tobruk between 24 and 28 November, thereby preventing the lifting of the siege until the main forces of the Afrika-Korps could intervene. Following the capture of Generalmajor Johann von Ravenstein on 29 November 1941, Böttcher assumed command of the 21. Panzer-Division on 1 December 1941 as its Kommandeur. Under his leadership the division played a key role in the fluid desert battles of the Cyrenaica, checking advances by the British 7th Armoured Division and supporting counterattacks that delayed Allied relief efforts. For his skillful and continuous personal direction of operations in the foremost line he was awarded the Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes on 13 December 1941 while still holding the rank of Generalmajor and serving as Kommandeur of the 21. Panzer-Division within Heeresgruppe Afrika. Throughout December 1941 and into early 1942 the division under Böttcher participated in the hard-fought withdrawal from positions around Tobruk and the subsequent defensive actions as Axis forces pulled back westward. His tenure as Kommandeur lasted until mid-February 1942, when illness forced his evacuation from the African front and transfer to the Führerreserve. During these critical months on the North African battlefield Böttcher demonstrated the ability of an artilleryman to command a full Panzer-Division effectively under the extreme conditions of desert warfare, contributing to the temporary stabilization of the Axis position in Libya before the later campaigns of 1942.

Oberst Johannes Kümmel was born on 21 July 1909 in Coswig, Saxony, and after joining the Reichswehr in 1928 he transferred in 1938 as a Feldwebel to Panzer-Regiment 8, with which he later took part in the campaigns in Poland and France before the unit was sent to North Africa in January 1941 as part of the 15. Panzer-Division within the Deutsches Afrikakorps. Serving as Oberleutnant and Chef of the 1./Panzer-Regiment 8, he distinguished himself during the defensive fighting around Halfaya Pass and especially on 15 June 1941 west of Capuzzo, where he independently led an attack against a much larger British tank force, destroying numerous enemy vehicles and preventing them from advancing northward to cut off vital German supply columns, an action that earned him the nickname “Der Löwe von Capuzzo” and the Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes on 9 July 1941. Promoted to Hauptmann, he assumed command of the I. Abteilung of Panzer-Regiment 8 in early 1942 and played a decisive role in the successful assault on Tobruk on 20 June 1942 as well as in the destruction of a British armoured formation near Marsa Matruk during the subsequent advance. For these and further achievements during the fighting around El Alamein he was awarded the Eichenlaub to the Ritterkreuz on 11 October 1942 as the 133rd recipient. After promotion to Major in December 1942 he left North Africa for a posting in Germany, later serving in Italy where he rose to Oberstleutnant and Kommandeur of Panzer-Regiment 26; he was killed in a road accident near Cisterna on 26 February 1944 and was posthumously promoted to Oberst.




Oberstleutnant Georg Briel (21 August 1907 - 16 May 1980) was born in Ellers, in the Fulda District, and joined the police in 1927 as Polizei-Anwärter (Police Aspirant). He trained at the Polizeischule in Münden and transferred to the Schutzpolizei Kassel in 1929.  By 1934, he was a Polizei-Leutnant (Second Lieutenant of the Police).  He was inducted into the army as an Oberleutnant (First Lieutenant) in 1935 and became adjutant of the Maschinengewehr-Bataillon 2 (motorisiert).  Subsequently he was a company commander in the Heeres-Flak-Bataillon 606.  Promoted to Hauptmann (Captain) in 1938, he assumed command of Battalion in 1941, and became a Major in 1942. In the North African theater, Heeres-Flak-Bataillon 606 became a part of 90.leichte-Afrika-Division, which Rommel liked to use as an antitank unit with the the forward troops. Briel was awarded the Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes (Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross) in 23 July 1942 for shooting up a French breakout attempt at Bir Hacheim. He later commanded the Panzergrenadier-Regiment 200 (formerly Schützen-Regiment 200) in Tunisia, but fell seriously ill and returned to Europe, a short time before the Axis surrendered in North Africa. As an Oberstleutnant (Lieutenant Colonel) in 1945, he commanded Grenadier-Regiment 57 of 79. Volks-Grenadier-Division on the Western Front until he was wounded again in the last weeks of the war.  Briel was in a hospital in Erlangen when Germany surrendered. Apart from the Ritterkreuz, he received the following medals for his military service in World War II: Dienstauszeichnung IV. Klasse (2 October 1936); Eisernes Kreuz II.Klasse (22 September 1939) und I.Klasse (30 August 1940); Deutsches Schutzwall-Ehrenzeichen (20 March 1940); Allgemeines-Sturmabzeichen (15 January 1942); Italian Medaglia commemorativa della campagna italo-tedesca in Africa (19 January 1942); Verwundetenabzeichen in Schwarz (3 February 1942); Italian Medaglia d'Argento al Valore Militare (18 February 1942); Deutsches Kreuz in Gold (20 February 1942); Ärmelband "Afrika" (12 April 1943); and Heeres-Flak-Abzeichen (27 April 1943). 



SS-Brigadeführer Alfred-Ingemar Berndt (born 22 April 1905 in Bromberg (Posen); died 28 March 1945 at Veszprém, Hungary) was a German journalist, writer and close collaborator of National Socialist Propaganda Minister Joseph Goebbels. Berndt wrote an eyewitness account of the 1940 German invasion of the Low Countries and France, Tanks Break Through!, and is regarded as propagandistic creator of the "Desert Fox" myth attached to the German Field Marshal Erwin Rommel. Although he had been a high-ranking official in the Propaganda Ministry from Hitler's early days in 1933, Berndt was willing to relinquish his comfort zone to then register as a volunteer for the Wehrmacht (German Armed Forces) when World War II broke out, with the rank of ordinary soldier! After Blitzkrieg's success in the West in 1940, Berndt returned to his old job as a writer and journalist. In May 1941 he returned to the front, and this time together with Rommel in Africa. Berndt - who has six fingers on one of his leg (!) - was trusted to be a propaganda reporter as well as filling Rommel's diary. Although shortly afterwards he was called home by Goebbels, Berndt still did not leave Afrikakorps, and went back and forth between Germany and Africa until finally Rommel was expelled from there in 1943. Berndt then continued his work as a propaganda expert, and was trusted to writes about the Battle of Stalingrad, surrender of German troops in Tunisia and the Katyn Massacre. On May 24, 1944, two weeks before the Allies landed in Normandy, he shot dead an American pilot captured by the Germans. His actions clearly violated the laws of war set by the Geneva Conventions, but Berndt was never brought before a military tribunal because he died in combat in Hungary. It turned out he had registered as a war volunteer (again!), and this time was assigned to the Wiking Division as a Waffen-SS officer. Medals and awards he has received: Eisernes Kreuz II.Klasse (May 27, 1940) und I.Klasse (June 6, 1940); Allgemeines-Sturmabzeichen; Verwundetenabzeichen; Medaglia d'Argento al Valore Militare (Italy); and Deutsches Kreuz in Gold (July 17, 1943)

Source :
https://artsandculture.google.com/search?q=hugo%20jaeger&hl=en
https://www.facebook.com/fb-answers/afrika-korps-in-color-photos/
https://www.lasegundaguerra.com/viewtopic.php?t=2357

Photographs of Erwin Rommel by Walter Frentz

Generalfeldmarschall Erwin Rommel (Oberbefehlshaber Panzerarmee "Africa") in a picture taken on 1 October 1942 by Walter Frentz during award ceremony with Hitler at Reichskanzlei in Berlin, Germany. In this event, Rommel was awarded his Marschallstab (Marshal Baton) and interimstab. He was also received the "Große Urkunde" for his Schwerter (on the same time). On that day a formal ceremony took place in the Reichskanzlei at which Rommel was presented by Adolf Hitler with his Marschallstab, the ornate ceremonial field marshal’s baton that accompanied his promotion to that rank which had been conferred on 22 June 1942 following the capture of Tobruk. In accordance with Wehrmacht custom Rommel also received the simpler Interimstab intended for everyday use, while the richly decorated Marschallstab itself, covered in red velvet and ornamented with the Wehrmachtsadler and Eisernes Kreuz, was reserved for formal occasions. At the same audience Hitler handed over the Große Urkunde, the large official certificate documenting the earlier award of the Schwerter zum Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes mit Eichenlaub that Rommel had received on 20 January 1942 as General der Panzertruppen and Befehlshaber der Panzer-Gruppe Afrika. The presentation occurred during Rommel’s brief leave in Germany after the summer fighting in North Africa, with senior officers of the Oberkommando der Wehrmacht, including Generalfeldmarschall Wilhelm Keitel, present in the study of the Reichskanzlei. Contemporary accounts describe Rommel entering the room, receiving the black leather case containing the glittering baton, and acknowledging the honour in the presence of Hitler’s adjutants and his own aide. Later that day and in the following days Rommel appeared as guest of honour at public events in Berlin, including a rally at the Sportpalast, where he displayed the newly conferred symbols of his rank while the German press and radio celebrated the Desert Fox at the height of his wartime prestige.

Source :
https://forum.axishistory.com/viewtopic.php?p=2021354&hilit=rommel#p2021354
https://www.tracesofwar.com/persons/201/Rommel-Erwin-Johannes-Eugen.htm
https://www.walter-frentz-collection.de/fotoarchiv/personenarchiv-a-z/personen-n-r/

Photograph of Walter Model by Walter Frentz

Generaloberst Walter Model (Oberbefehlshaber 9. Armee) in a picture taken on 28 February 1942 by Walter Frentz, during Eichenlaub award ceremony with Hitler at Führerhauptquartier Wolfsschanze in Rastenburg, East Prussia. Previously in January 1942, as Soviet forces of the Kalinin and Western Fronts threatened to encircle the German 9. Armee in the Rzhev salient during the winter counteroffensive, General der Panzertruppe Walter Model, then commanding general of the XXXXI. Panzerkorps, was appointed to take charge of the beleaguered army on 16 January after its previous commander could no longer master the crisis. Upon assessing the desperate situation, in which Soviet pincer movements had nearly closed around the German positions and cut vital supply lines, Model flew to the Wolfsschanze and boldly proposed an immediate aggressive counteroffensive rather than further withdrawal, prompting Hitler’s approval with the words that he should proceed. Taking personal command, Model rapidly reorganized the exhausted formations of the 9. Armee, concentrating limited armoured and motorized reserves for decisive local strikes while directing the XXXXI. Panzerkorps and subordinate units such as the 2. Panzer-Division, 14. Infanterie-Division (mot.), and 36. Infanterie-Division (mot.) to seal breaches and restore cohesion along the front. Through a series of determined counterattacks launched in late January and early February, he succeeded in blunting the Soviet advance, isolating and largely destroying the remnants of several enemy armies that had penetrated the German rear areas, and by 5 February 1942 had largely cleared the immediate threat of encirclement, though scattered Soviet forces continued to operate in the dense forests behind the lines. His energetic leadership, frequent presence at the front, and insistence on offensive action even under severe winter conditions and supply shortages stabilized the Rzhev sector at a critical moment for Heeresgruppe Mitte. For these achievements in restoring the integrity of the 9. Armee and preventing a major operational disaster, Model was awarded the Eichenlaub to the Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes on 17 February 1942 while still holding the rank of General der Panzertruppe and nominal command of the XXXXI. Panzerkorps, an honour that recognized both his earlier corps-level performance during the withdrawal from Moscow and his decisive intervention with the army. Shortly thereafter, on 28 February, he received promotion to Generaloberst, solidifying his reputation as a resolute defensive commander capable of turning seemingly hopeless situations through bold and energetic measures.

Source :
https://forum.axishistory.com/viewtopic.php?p=2065738&hilit=walter+model#p2065738
https://www.tracesofwar.com/persons/200/Model-Otto-Moritz-Walter.htm
https://www.walter-frentz-collection.de/fotoarchiv/personenarchiv-a-z/personen-l-m/

General Erich Brandenberger and 8. Panzer-Division in 1942

Generalleutnant Erich Brandenberger (Kommandeur 8. Panzer-Division) inspecting his division in Russia, 1942. In that year, General Brandenberger, a seasoned Wehrmacht commander who had led the 8th Panzer Division since early 1941, continued to oversee the unit's demanding operations on the Eastern Front amid the brutal realities of the Soviet campaign. The division found itself engaged in grueling defensive and relief operations around the Leningrad sector and the Valdai Hills, particularly in the successful relief of the Kholm pocket earlier in the year, where it helped break through Soviet lines to rescue encircled German forces. Later that autumn and winter, as part of efforts to relieve the besieged garrison at Velikiye Luki, Brandenberger's men endured fierce combat and heavy casualties—suffering over 1,400 losses including dozens of officers in just weeks—against determined Red Army resistance in harsh, boggy terrain that hampered mobility and logistics. Brandenberger's leadership, marked by tactical flexibility and resilience, kept the division operational despite mounting attrition, fuel shortages, and the onset of another brutal Russian winter; he would depart command in early 1943 after multiple stints at the helm, going on to higher corps and army commands while earning the Eichenlaub to his Ritterkreuz.

Source :
https://pixpast.wordpress.com/?query-10-page=5&cst&str=428&id_parent=7898&items=12&vd=downloaded&category=7902&flow=1

Photograph of Walter Graf von Brockdorff-Ahlefeldt by Walter Frentz

General der Infanterie Walter Graf von Brockdorff-Ahlefeldt (Kommandierender General II. Armeekorps) in a picture taken in 1942 by Walter Frentz, during Eichenlaub award ceremony with Hitler at the Führerhauptquartier Wolfsschanze in Rastenburg, East Prussia. Von Brockdorff-Ahlefeldt formally earned the 103rd Eichenlaub zum Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes on 27 June 1942 for his steadfast leadership and the heroic combat performance of his six divisions during the intense defensive fighting in the Demyansk Pocket on the Eastern Front. In the winter of 1941-1942, after the Soviet counteroffensive had encircled roughly 100,000 German troops of II. Armeekorps and other units in a roughly 30-kilometer-wide pocket southwest of Demyansk, Brockdorff-Ahlefeldt's forces faced relentless Red Army assaults, severe supply shortages exacerbated by the harsh winter conditions, and repeated attempts to liquidate the pocket. Despite being cut off from the main German lines since February 1942, the general maintained firm command, personally overseeing critical sectors from his Fieseler Storch reconnaissance aircraft while suffering from severe rheumatic pain that he concealed from his troops to preserve morale; he inspired his Grenadiere, Pioniere, and Kanoniere through his visible devotion to duty and calm confidence amid crisis after crisis. Under his direction the encircled divisions conducted skillful mobile defenses, launched sharp counterattacks to restore threatened sectors, repelled massive infantry and tank assaults, and held key positions through artillery fire and close-quarters fighting, inflicting heavy losses on the attacking Soviet forces while the Luftwaffe sustained the pocket with air drops. The award citation highlighted both the collective honorable and heroic combat of his soldiers and the general's own exemplary leadership abilities, which served as a visible model for the troops and contributed decisively to the pocket's tenacious resistance until the eventual breakout and relief in the spring of 1942.

Source :
https://forum.axishistory.com/viewtopic.php?p=641596&hilit=brockdorff#p641596
https://www.tracesofwar.com/persons/28519/Brockdorff-Ahlefeldt-Graf-von-Walter.htm
https://www.walter-frentz-collection.de/fotoarchiv/personenarchiv-a-z/personen-a-b/#&gid=1&pid=96

Photographs of Fedor von Bock by Walter Frentz

Generalfeldmarschall Fedor von Bock (Oberbefehlshaber Heeresgruppe Süd) in a picture taken in 1942 by Walter Frentz, during a meeting with Hitler. Von Bock served as commander in chief of Heeresgruppe Süd from 20 January 1942, succeeding Generalfeldmarschall Walter von Reichenau who had died of a stroke, and immediately faced the challenge of stabilizing the southern sector of the Eastern Front after the Red Army's winter counteroffensive had pushed German forces back from their advanced positions. A highly experienced Prussian staff officer and field commander known for his methodical approach and loyalty to traditional military principles, Bock took charge of a massive formation encompassing the 2. Armee under Maximilian von Weichs, the 6. Armee under Friedrich Paulus, the 17. Armee, the 1. Panzerarmee, and various allied contingents from Romania, Hungary, and Italy. In May 1942 he masterminded the successful German response to the Soviet Kharkov offensive, launching a devastating counterstroke that encircled and largely destroyed the Soviet South-Western Front, inflicting around 280,000 casualties and capturing enormous quantities of tanks, artillery, and supplies, thereby restoring the initiative to the Wehrmacht in the south and severely weakening Soviet armored capabilities ahead of the summer campaign. On 28 June 1942 Bock directed the launch of Operation Blue, the major German summer offensive, with his armies striking from the Kharkov and Kursk areas, rapidly advancing toward Voronezh and the Don River through coordinated panzer thrusts by Hoth's 4. Panzerarmee and Paulus's 6. Armee, achieving deep penetrations that split Soviet defenses and opened pathways toward the Volga and Caucasus. Despite these early gains Bock clashed repeatedly with Adolf Hitler over operational priorities, urging the destruction of remaining Soviet forces around Voronezh to secure flanks before committing to further eastward drives, warnings that highlighted his cautious professionalism against Hitler's more ambitious and risk-tolerant directives. These disagreements culminated on 7 July when Hitler split Heeresgruppe Süd into separate Army Groups A and B, and on 17 July relieved Bock of command, placing him in the Führerreserve for the remainder of the war and effectively ending his active military career despite the significant momentum his leadership had restored to German operations in the east that year.

Source :
https://www.tracesofwar.com/persons/193/Bock-von-Moritz-Albrecht-Friedrich-Franz-Fedor.htm
https://www.walter-frentz-collection.de/fotoarchiv/personenarchiv-a-z/personen-a-b/

Photograph of Karl Allmendinger by Walter Frentz

Generalleutnant Karl Allmendinger (Kommandeur 5.Jäger-Division) in a picture taken in December 1942 by Walter Frentz, during Eichenlaub award ceremony with Hitler at Führerhauptquartier Wolfsschanze in Rastenburg, East Prussia. Generalleutnant Karl Allmendinger, commanding the 5. Jäger-Division under II. Armeekorps of 16. Armee within Heeresgruppe Nord on the Eastern Front in late 1942, earned the Eichenlaub zum Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes (153rd award) on 13 December 1942 for his outstanding leadership during the German offensive operation Michael from 27 September to 9 October 1942, which aimed to broaden and secure the vital land corridor to the encircled forces in the Demyansk Kessel southeast of Lake Ilmen. Under Allmendinger's determined command, the division executed aggressive attacks that played a pivotal role in shattering strong Soviet defensive positions, contributing decisively to the encirclement and subsequent destruction of significant Red Army forces in the area, actions that were explicitly highlighted in the Wehrmachtbericht of 9 October 1942 as a major success in stabilizing and expanding the German bridgehead amid fierce winter fighting. His personal direction of divisional operations, combining swift maneuver with resolute defense against repeated counterattacks, prevented Soviet breakthroughs that could have collapsed the corridor and isolated further German units, thereby maintaining the operational integrity of the Demyansk salient during a critical phase of the northern sector's attritional warfare; this achievement, building on his earlier Ritterkreuz for leadership of the 5. Infanterie-Division in 1941, underscored Allmendinger's tactical acumen in high-intensity Eastern Front conditions before he was relieved of divisional command in early January 1943.

Source :
https://forum.axishistory.com/viewtopic.php?p=1451176&hilit=karl+allmendinger#p1451176
https://www.tracesofwar.com/persons/28081/Allmendinger-Karl.htm
https://www.walter-frentz-collection.de/fotoarchiv/personenarchiv-a-z/personen-a-b/

Major Alwin Boerst (1910-1944)

Alwin Boerst (20 October 1910 – 30 March 1944) was a German Luftwaffe officer and dive bomber pilot during World War II, renowned as one of the most experienced Stuka aces with over 1,060 combat missions to his credit. Serving primarily with Sturzkampfgeschwader 2 "Immelmann," he participated in major campaigns across Europe and the Eastern Front, contributing significantly to ground support operations, anti-shipping strikes, and anti-tank missions. Boerst's exceptional service earned him the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords, one of the highest military honors in Nazi Germany, awarded posthumously for his cumulative achievements. His career exemplified the role of the Junkers Ju 87 Stuka in close air support, though it also highlighted the high risks faced by such pilots in increasingly contested skies. Boerst's legacy is marked by his remarkable sortie count and key tactical successes, making him a notable figure among Luftwaffe aviators of the era.

Born on 20 October 1910 in Osterode am Harz, in the Province of Hanover, Germany, Alwin Boerst grew up in a period of economic and political turbulence following World War I. Little is documented about his early civilian life, but he demonstrated an early interest in military service, enlisting in the German Army in April 1934 as part of a transport unit. He served there until October 1937, rising to the rank of Unteroffizier before transferring to the Luftwaffe, the rapidly expanding air arm of the Wehrmacht. This move aligned with Germany's rearmament efforts under the Nazi regime, which prioritized aerial capabilities. Boerst underwent pilot training, specializing in dive bombing tactics, which were central to the Luftwaffe's blitzkrieg strategy. By 1939, he was assigned to I. Gruppe of Sturzkampfgeschwader 2 "Immelmann," a unit equipped with the iconic Ju 87 Stuka, known for its precision strikes and psychological impact through its siren-equipped dives. His initial rank as Leutnant positioned him for frontline duties as war erupted in Europe.

Boerst's combat career began with the invasion of Poland in September 1939, where StG 2 provided crucial close air support to advancing German ground forces, disrupting Polish defenses and supply lines. For his performance in these early operations, he received the Iron Cross 2nd Class on 27 September 1939. The following year, during the Battle of France in May-June 1940, Boerst flew numerous sorties against Allied positions, earning the Iron Cross 1st Class on 7 June 1940. His unit's effectiveness in neutralizing fortifications and troop concentrations contributed to the swift German victory. In 1941, Boerst participated in the airborne invasion of Crete, a daring operation where Stukas played a pivotal role in interdicting British naval forces. During intense engagements off the island, he assisted in the sinking of the destroyers HMS Kelly and HMS Kashmir on 23 May 1941, with sources attributing direct hits to his attacks that crippled these vessels amid heavy anti-aircraft fire. These actions underscored the Stuka's value in maritime strikes, though they also exposed pilots to significant dangers from naval defenses.

As the war shifted to the Eastern Front with Operation Barbarossa in June 1941, Boerst's expertise in ground attack missions became even more critical. Promoted to Oberleutnant, he flew over 300 sorties by October 1941, destroying key infrastructure such as a vital bridge over the Lovat River and another over the Dnieper, the latter preventing Soviet forces from escaping the Smolensk pocket and aiding in the encirclement of large enemy formations. For these accomplishments, he was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross on 5 October 1941, along with the Luftwaffe Honor Goblet on 3 September 1941 for special achievements in aerial warfare. Continuing in the harsh conditions of the Soviet theater, Boerst received the German Cross in Gold on 5 June 1942 while serving in 3. Staffel of StG 2. By November 1942, having surpassed 600 combat missions, he was honored with the Oak Leaves to his Knight's Cross on 28 November 1942 as Staffelkapitän of 3./StG 2, becoming the 149th recipient of this distinction. His unit, redesignated as Schlachtgeschwader 2 in 1943, adapted to evolving battlefield needs, including anti-tank roles against Soviet armor.

Rising through the ranks to Hauptmann and eventually Major, Boerst assumed command of I. Gruppe of Schlachtgeschwader 2 "Immelmann" in late 1943. He marked his 1,000th combat mission on 29 January 1944, a milestone recognized with the Front Flying Clasp in Gold with Pendant "1,000," reflecting his endurance and skill amid mounting losses for the Luftwaffe. Throughout his service, Boerst accumulated additional decorations, including the Wound Badge in Black for injuries sustained, the Combined Pilots-Observation Badge, and the Crete Cufftitle for his participation in that campaign. His partnership with radio operator and gunner Ernst Filius was particularly notable, as the duo operated in tandem on many missions, enhancing their effectiveness in targeting and evasion. By early 1944, with the Eastern Front under pressure from Soviet advances, Boerst's group focused on stemming Red Army offensives in Romania and Ukraine, where the Stuka's dive-bombing precision remained valuable despite growing air superiority challenges from Allied fighters.

On 30 March 1944, Boerst embarked on his first mission piloting the Ju 87G-1, a specialized anti-tank variant equipped with 37mm cannons for engaging armored vehicles. Accompanied by Ernst Filius, they took off to support German defenses near Iaşi in Romania but were shot down by Soviet ground fire north of the city, near Parliti. Both men were killed in the crash, marking a tragic end to Boerst's prolific career at age 33. Posthumously, he was awarded the Swords to his Knight's Cross on 6 April 1944 as the 61st recipient, in recognition of his total of 1,060 ground attack sorties and overall contributions to the war effort. Filius also received the Knight's Cross posthumously on 19 May 1944. Boerst's death symbolized the declining fortunes of the Luftwaffe, as experienced pilots like him became irreplaceable casualties in the protracted conflict. His record of missions and awards places him among the elite Stuka pilots, whose daring operations left a lasting imprint on World War II aerial tactics.

Source:
Stuka-Pilot: Hans-Ulrich Rudel, Ernst Kupfer, Robert-Georg Freiherr Von Malapert-Neufville, Alwin Boerst, Theodor Nordmann, Kurt Kuhlmey (Bucher Gruppe)
Luftwaffe Personnel of World War II: Alwin Boerst, Bernhard Jope, Ernst Kupfer, Bernhard Woldenga, Paul-Werner Hozzel, Helmut Woltersdorf, Gustav Altmann, Kurt Plenzat, Peter Duttmann, Heinz Marquardt (Books LLC, Wiki Series)
Die Ritterkreuztrager der Luftwaffe (TracesOfWar.com reference)
https://www.tracesofwar.com/persons/22071/Boerst-Alwin.htm
https://www.lexikon-der-wehrmacht.de/Personenregister/B/BoerstA.htm
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alwin_Boerst
https://www.ww2.dk/air/attack/sg2.htm
https://www.ww2.dk/air/attack/stg2.htm
https://aircrewremembered.com/KrackerDatabase/?q=boerst
https://military-history.fandom.com/wiki/Alwin_Boerst
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alwin_Boerst
https://forum.axishistory.com/viewtopic.php?f=5&t=29879 (various threads)
https://www.ww2.dk/Change%20Log%20LwOCS%202018-19.pdf