Sunday, April 19, 2026

Generalmajor Erich Walther (1903-1948)


Friedrich Erich Walther was a German paratrooper officer and generalmajor of the Luftwaffe during World War II who rose to prominence as a commander of elite airborne units. Born on 5 August 1903 in Gorden in the district of Liebenwerda in the Prussian province of Saxony, he began his service in the police forces of the Weimar Republic before transferring to the newly formed Luftwaffe in 1935, where he helped pioneer Germany's paratrooper arm. Over the course of the war Walther led battalions, regiments, and eventually a division in campaigns ranging from Scandinavia and the Low Countries to the Mediterranean, Italy, and the final desperate defenses on the Eastern Front. He earned high decorations for repeated displays of aggressive leadership and stubborn defensive skill, culminating in the rare award of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords. Captured by Soviet forces at the end of hostilities, he died in captivity on 26 December 1948 at the age of forty-five.

Walther joined the Berlin police as an aspirant in April 1924 and advanced steadily through the ranks of the security apparatus. By the early 1930s he served in elite special-purpose police detachments under commanders such as Wecke, eventually becoming part of the Landespolizei Gruppe General Göring. These units formed the nucleus of what would evolve into the Luftwaffe's Regiment General Göring. In October 1935 he transferred directly into the Luftwaffe as a hauptmann and took command of companies within the regiment's parachute and rifle battalions. Between 1938 and 1939 he held successive leadership roles in the newly established 1st Paratrooper Regiment, gaining practical experience in airborne tactics that placed him among the first generation of German Fallschirmjäger officers.

When war broke out in 1939 Walther was already commanding the first battalion of Fallschirmjäger-Regiment 1. In April 1940, during the Norwegian campaign, he led a reinforced company in rapid thrusts toward the inland towns of Hamar and Elverum. His paratroopers seized key road junctions and disrupted Norwegian mobilization efforts, sowing confusion among enemy reserves and easing the advance of German ground columns. Weeks later, in the airborne assault on the Netherlands, his battalion dropped onto and captured the vital bridges at Dordrecht. For hours the paratroopers held the crossings against repeated Dutch counterattacks, fighting from houses and improvised positions until armored relief arrived from the 9th Panzer Division. These actions earned Walther both classes of the Iron Cross within days and the Knight's Cross on 24 May 1940.

The following year Walther participated in the costly airborne invasion of Crete in May 1941, earning the Crete cuff title for his role in the fighting. From September 1941 his battalion saw heavy action on the Eastern Front near Leningrad, where the paratroopers were employed as elite infantry in grueling defensive and counterattack operations amid the harsh Russian winter. By early 1942 he had received the German Cross in Gold. In 1943 Walther was given command of Fallschirmjäger-Regiment 4. That summer, after the Allied landings in Sicily, he formed a kampfgruppe that defended the Simeto River bridges for three days against waves of British infantry and tanks. Despite being outnumbered and under constant artillery and air attack, his men held the line in close-quarters combat along the riverbanks, buying critical time for the German withdrawal to the Italian mainland and securing Walther the Oak Leaves to his Knight's Cross on 2 March 1944.

In September 1944, while still leading his regiment, Walther was assigned to command a battle group during the Allied Operation Market Garden in the Netherlands. His forces successfully contested the airborne landings around Nijmegen and Arnhem, conducting determined counterattacks that helped blunt the British and American advance and contributed to the operation's ultimate failure. By late 1944 he had assumed leadership of the 2nd Parachute Panzer-Grenadier Division Hermann Göring. In the opening phases of the Soviet East Prussian Offensive he directed his division in a series of fierce delaying actions along the Gumbinnen-Ebenrode axis, launching counterthrusts through snow-covered terrain to check armored spearheads. On 13 January 1945 the division faced the full weight of renewed Soviet assaults; for days Walther shifted depleted battalions to plug breaches, ordered night counterattacks, and maintained cohesion under relentless artillery fire. These stands prevented an immediate collapse of the sector and allowed partial evacuation of German troops and civilians, actions that brought him the Swords on 1 February 1945 and promotion to generalmajor four days earlier.

Walther continued to lead the division until the final capitulation. On 8 May 1945 he surrendered to Red Army forces in East Prussia. Transferred to Soviet captivity, he was interned in NKVD Special Camp No. 2 at the former Buchenwald concentration camp near Weimar. There, amid the harsh conditions of postwar internment, he died on 26 December 1948. Little is known of Walther's private life; records indicate no details about his parents, siblings, spouse, or children, and his religion is undocumented. His career exemplified the aggressive spirit and tactical adaptability of the Fallschirmjäger in both offensive airborne operations and the attritional defensive battles that defined the war's later years.


Source:
https://www.lexikon-der-wehrmacht.de/  
https://en.wikipedia.org/  
https://www.tracesofwar.com/  
https://grokipedia.com/  
https://rk.balsi.de/index.php?action=list&cat=300  
https://www.unithistories.com/units_index/index.php?file=/officers/personsx.html  
https://web.archive.org/web/20091027052912fw_/http://geocities.com/orion47.geo/index2.html  
https://forum.axishistory.com/  
https://www.wehrmacht-awards.com/forums/  
https://www.geni.com/  
https://aircrewremembered.com/KrackerDatabase/?q=units  
https://www.ww2.dk/lwoffz.html  
https://www.geocities.ws/orion47.geo/WEHRMACHT/LUFTWAFFE/Generalmajor/WALTHER_ERICH.html  
Fellgiebel, Walther-Peer. Elite of the Third Reich. Helion & Company Limited, Solihull, 2003.  
Patzwall, Klaus D. & Scherzer, Veit. Das Deutsche Kreuz 1941-1945. Band II. Verlag Klaus D. Patzwall, Norderstedt, 2001.  
Thomas, Franz & Wegmann, Günter. Die Eichenlaubträger 1940-1945. Biblio-Verlag, 1998.  
Thomas, Franz & Wegmann, Günter. Die Ritterkreuzträger der Deutschen Wehrmacht 1939-1945. Biblio-Verlag, 1986.  
Die Ordensträger der Deutschen Wehrmacht (CD). VMD-Verlag GmbH, Osnabrück, 2002.  
Kwasny, A. & Kwasny, G. Die Eichenlaubträger 1940-1945 (CD). Deutsches Wehrkundearchiv, Lage-Waddenhausen, 2001.

Hauptmann Ernst-Wilhelm Reinert (1919-2007)


Ernst-Wilhelm Reinert was born 2 February 1919 in Cologne-Lindenthal, at the time in the Rhine Province of the Free State of Prussia. He was the son of an executive secretary with the Deutsche Reichsbahn (German Reich Railway). After attending school in Leverkusen-Schlebusch, he completed his vocational education as a metalworker. With the beginning of his vocational education, Reinert learned to fly glider aircraft with the National Socialist Flyers Corps (NSFK), completing his A, B and C-license for glider aircraft.

Following the compulsory Reichsarbeitsdienst (Reich Labour Service), Reinert volunteered for military service of Nazi Germany with the Luftwaffe in early 1938. Eight days after joining, he was discharged on medical grounds which required an operation. In January 1939, he was admitted to the Reichsschule für Motorflug (motor powered flight school of the Reich) at Bielefeld where he attained his A/2 license. On 14 April 1939, Reinert was called back into the Luftwaffe and received three months of recruit training. He was then trained as a fighter pilot at various flight and fighter pilot schools.

World War II in Europe had begun on Friday, 1 September 1939, when German forces invaded Poland. On 1 December 1940, Reinert was promoted to Unteroffizier (corporal). At the time he was based in Bordeaux, France with a supplementary training unit of Jagdgeschwader 77 (JG 77—77th Fighter Wing). This unit was tasked with patrolling the Atlantic coast.

On 14 June 1941, Reinert was transferred to II. Gruppe (2nd group) of JG 77 where he was assigned to 4. Staffel (4th squadron). With this unit, he participated in Operation Barbarossa, the invasion of the Soviet Union. JG 77, augmented by I.(J)./Lehrgeschwader 2 (LG 2—2nd Demonstration Wing), primary role in Operation Barbarossa was to support the German advance as part of Army Group South. During this campaign, Reinert was awarded the Iron Cross 2nd Class (Eisernes Kreuz zweiter Klasse) on 31 July 1941. A week later, at 13:42 on 8 August 1941, he was credited with his first aerial victory, a Polikarpov I-16 fighter. On 28 September 1941, he received the Front Flying Clasp of the Luftwaffe for Fighter Pilots in Gold, at the time he was credited with 16 aerial victories. One day later, he received the Iron Cross 1st Class.

II. Gruppe, which was scheduled for replenishment and conversion to the Bf 109 F-4 in Germany, flew its last mission of 1941 following the Battle of Rostov on 2 December northeast of Rostov. The next day, the unit began relocating to Germany, first to Schweidnitz, present-day Świdnica, and then to Vienna-Aspern. On 7 February 1942, Reinert was awarded the Honour Goblet of the Luftwaffe for 24 victories. Shortly after this, Reinert was transferred west in support of Operation Donnerkeil. The objective of this operation was to give the German battleships Scharnhorst and Gneisenau and the heavy cruiser Prinz Eugen fighter protection in the breakout from Brest to Germany. The Channel Dash operation (11–13 February 1942) by the Kriegsmarine was codenamed Operation Cerberus by the Germans. In support of this, the Luftwaffe, formulated an air superiority plan dubbed Operation Donnerkeil for the protection of the three German capital ships. Following this assignment, Reinert was transferred back to II. Gruppe still based at Vienna-Aspern. On 11 March 1942, II. Gruppe began transferring back to the Eastern Front, first stop was Proskurov, present-day Khmelnytskyi, Ukraine. On 15 March, they reached Bukarest before they reached Sarabus, present-day Hwardijske, located 10 kilometers (6.2 miles) north of Simferopol on the Crimean peninsula on 17 March 1942. At the time, 4. Staffel was commanded by Oberleutnant (first lieutenant) Heinrich Setz while II. Gruppe was led by Hauptmann Anton Mader.

On 19 March, Reinert claimed three Soviet aircraft including two Petlyakov Pe-2s. On 3 May, Reinert claimed two Polikarpov I-153 fighters belonging to 9 IAP/VVS-ChF (Black Sea Fleet). By June Reinert had become one of leading aces in JG 77 with Anton Hackl and Setz. Reinert was promoted to Feldwebel (staff sergeant) on 1 May 1942 and after 44 aerial victories, he received the German Cross in Gold on 18 May 1942.

On 9 June, Reinert claimed three victories for his 49th to 51st. On this day, JG 77 was involved in dogfights over the besieged city of Sevastopol. Reinert engaged the 3rd OAG (Special Aviation Group) ChF and 6 GIAP ChF. He claimed a Polikarpov I-16 for his 49th victory. On 1 July 1942, after 53 aerial victories, Reinert received the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross which was presented to him by II. Gruppe's commander Mader. Reinert shot down 26 Soviet aircraft in July 1942. On 14 July 1942, the day Reinert claimed three Bell P-39 Airacobras shot down, he crashed his Bf 109 F-4 during the landing at Kastornoje. The aircraft was 70% destroyed and he sustained minor injuries. On 26 July, he was again wounded in a flying accident. His Bf 109 F-4 had technical problems, the engine caught fire. This forced Reinert to bail out over friendly territory and resulted in a broken arm. A period in hospital followed. Reinert returned to the front in September. On 16 September, 4./JG 77 bounced a formation of Ilyushin Il-2 ground-attack aircraft south-east of Voronezh and Reinert claimed two shot down.

On 3 October 1942, Reinert passed the century mark with four claims. He was the 27th Luftwaffe pilot to achieve the century mark. That day, the Rotte, a pair of aircraft, Reinert and his wingman Unteroffizier Rudolf Flindt had been ordered to fly from Stary Oskol to Kursk with the plan to intercept the daily Soviet reconnaissance aircraft. During the takeoff, the German airfield came under attack by a flight of Soviet Il-2 ground-attack aircraft escorted by Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-3 and Lavochkin-Gorbunov-Gudkov LaGG-3 fighter aircraft. Reinert shot down two Il-2s before his 20 mm MG 151/20 cannon jammed. This forced him to continue the fight with only his two MG 131 machine guns operationally. Reinert managed to shoot down two further aircraft, two MiG-3s claimed at 14:17 and 14:20. In this encounter, Flindt was credited with two aerial victories. At the time, Reinert was also credited with the destruction of 14 aircraft on the ground in addition to the 103 aerial victories. On 6 October, he was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves. Reinert, together with Alfred Druschel, Johannes Steinhoff, Günther Rall and Max Stotz received the Oak Leaves from Adolf Hitler personally on 4 November 1942. A flying ace or fighter ace is a military aviator credited with shooting down five or more enemy aircraft during aerial combat. Reinert was only the second Feldwebel in the Luftwaffe to receive the award, after Gerhard Köppen.

In early 1941, the Oberkommando der Wehrmacht (OKW—Supreme Command of the Armed Forces) had sent an expeditionary force to North Africa to support the Royal Italian Army fighting in the North African Campaign. As intensity of combat increased, the OKW committed additional military forces to the Mediterranean theatre. First elements of JG 77 had already been committed to this theatre in February 1942. The Axis defeat at the Second Battle of El Alamein (23 October—4 November 1942) and the 8 November 1942 Operation Torch landings had pushed the Axis out of Morocco, Algeria, Egypt and Libya into Tunisia. On 10 November 1942, Reinert's II. Gruppe was also withdrawn from the Eastern Front and began relocating to North Africa. On 5 December 1942, the Gruppenstab (headquarters unit), 4. and 6. Staffel arrived at Zazur, 15 kilometres (9.3 miles) west of Tripoli, Libya. During the relocation, II. Gruppe stopped at Munich for two weeks. There, Reinert got in trouble with the authorities and was briefly confined to quarters for not properly saluting an elderly senior officer.

Reinert was thrust into aerial combat in this final phase of the North African Campaign—the Battle of Tunisia. On 2 January 1943 Reinert claimed two P-40s from No. 250 Squadron RAF while escorting Tactical Reconnaissance Hurricanes from 40 Squadron SAAF. His wingman Unteroffizier Weidlich claimed the other. Pilot Officer S. Holland, Flight Sergeant Graham and Sergeant J. H . Baron were the casualties—they were reported as prisoner of war, safe but wounded in action and killed in action respectively. Five days later on 7 January, II./JG 77 engaged and shot down three Spitfires while the RAF claimed two Bf 109s destroyed and damaged. Two of the No. 92 Squadron RAF pilots can be identified—Flight Sergeant Broomhall was killed and Sergeant Patterson parachuted to safety. On 11 January Reinert claimed four victories over Spitfires and a single P-40. In this battle Franz Hrdlicka also claimed a Spitfire. Reinert misidentified his first three opponents who were all P-40s from the 64th and 65th Fighter Squadrons of the US 57th Fighter Group. On 17 January B-17 Flying Fortress' from the US 97th Bombardment Group and escorted by P-38 Lightnings from the US 1st Fighter Group crossed into Tunisia from airfields in Algeria. JG 77 and Italian fighters intercepted. Reinert shot down the P-38 flown by Lieutenant Burton Weil. On 20 January 1943 Reinert shot down a Curtiss P-40 Warhawk piloted by Lieutenant Richard Kimball of the 65th Fighter Squadron who was taken prisoner of war. Reinert claimed again on 6 February. He attacked a formation of No. 112 Squadron RAF P-40s and claimed two as they attacked artillery and motor transport near Ras Agadir. Sergeant R. Le Cours was shot down and another P-40 was badly damaged. On 23 February Reinert claimed two Spitfires. The first was probably Sergeant S. G. T. Twine of No. 152 Squadron RAF.

The Axis won a series of offensive successes at Sidi Bou Zid and the Kasserine Pass in February 1943. A confident Erwin Rommel ordered the 5th Panzer Army under Hans-Jürgen von Arnim to begin operation Ochsenkopf on 26 February. The Royal Air Force (RAF) Desert Air Force responded by attacking all known German and Italian airfields in the region to deny the Axis air support for the offensive. JG 77 were involved in large-scale air battles and claimed 26 P-40s for nine losses and two pilots killed. Heinrich Bär claimed five and Reinert was credited with four in one mission. Their opponents were from the 7 SAAF Wing. The South African unit records confirm 14 losses. JG 77 claimed 13 of them. The following day II./JG 77 bounced 12 P-40s attacking German airfields and Reinert claimed two for his 123rd and 124th victories. A further three fell to other pilots. On 7 March JG 77 engaged Spitfires over the Mareth Line. Heinz-Edgar Berres, Bär and two other pilots shot down a Spitfire. In the afternoon, Reinert claimed a brace of Spitfires west of Medenine. The latter was probably over a No. 145 Squadron RAF pilot.

On 1 March B-26 Marauders and P-38 Lightnings attacked the bridge at La Hencha. Reinert claimed one Marauder and two of the escorting P-38s. Three B-26s were lost. In the morning of the 13 March Reinert claimed two P-39s. In actual fact they were P-40s from the 57th Fighter Group which lost four. The American unit involved in the air battles was the US 57th Fighter Group escorted by Spitfires from 244 Wing RAF. Among the losses were Major Robert F. Worley, commanding the 314th Fighter Squadron was shot down but evaded capture and reached American lines. Major Archie Knight, the 57th Fighter Group operations officer, was also shot down. He also evaded capture by swimming undercover of darkness and reaching British lines. Lieutenant William E. Jenks and Robert Douglas of the 314th Fighter Squadron were also shot down: the latter was captured and the former was killed. In the afternoon Geschwaderkommodore (wing commander) Joachim Müncheberg led I./JG 77 over Gabes. On this sortie, Reinert claimed four victories, after Müncheberg ordered them to attack some low-flying United States Army Air Force (USAAF) P-39 Airacobras while returning to base. Eight of the P-39s were claimed shot down in 12 minutes. The claims were Reinert's 132nd–135th. The 81st Fighter Group confirmed the loss of seven P-39s, despite the escort of the 31st Fighter Group's Spitfires. The P-39s were from the 91st and 93rd Squadrons. The Spitfires were from 307 and 308 Squadron. Nine American fighters were lost in total: Lieutenants Murray, Turkington, Smith, Leech, McCreight and Lewis from the 93rd and Lyons from the 91st. Another pilot was captured. Only Murray returned alive from the group.

On 26 March Reinert accounted for Sergeant J. H. D. Herberte. Herberte had been flying with Spitfire Vs and IXs of No. 145 Squadron RAF when they were attacked by II./JG 77. It appears this was the only loss. The Germans lost one pilot killed also. Three days later, on 29 March 1943, Reinert claimed two USAAF P-40s and his wingman Unteroffizier Funke claimed another. II./JG 51's Oberleutnant Rammelt claimed his 20th victory. JG 77 lost three pilots over the airfield when P-40s attacked low-flying Bf 109s—Rudolf Fischer, Ewald Bleul and Gunter Schimmelpfennig were killed. Reinert's victims were from the US 79th Fighter Group. Captain Kenneth D. Boggs was killed, Lieutenant Harlan E. Highfield was captured and the third pilot escaped to Allied lines. On 30 March Siegfried Freytag led I./JG 77 against USAAF bombing raids. The Bf 109s engaged the US 52nd Fighter Group, which was escorting 18 A-20 Havoc bombers from the 47th Bombardment Group en route to attacking La Fauconnerie. Reinert claimed two bombers before the P-40s claimed two German fighters. Reinert became an officer when he was promoted to Leutnant (second lieutenant) on 1 April 1943.

On 1 April Reinert became an "ace in a day". In the morning he claimed three Spitfires from the US 31st Fighter Group, specifically the 308th and 309th Fighter Squadrons. Lieutenant O'Brien, Juhnke and Strole were killed. Three Bf 109s were damaged. A further two claims were made against the US 52nd Fighter Group. Lieutenant Edwin Boughton was killed. Other Spitfires may have force-landed but American records generally list only those that caused the death of a pilot. On 4 April, JG 77 engaged in a day of heavy air combat with the new commanding officer Johannes Steinhoff and lost three pilots. Steinhoff and Reinert claimed one and three respectively: Steinhoff's claim was against a Spitfire in the afternoon. Reinert's opponents were P-40s from the US 33rd Fighter Group. Fredrick W. Mayo Jr, James H. Raddin and Alfred J. Schmidt were captured on this date. Mayo and Schmidt were shot down by Reinert. The next day Operation Flax began an intensive aerial offensive against Axis transport aircraft and airfields. On 16 April Reinert's 4 Staffel with 2 and 3./JG 77 formed a 15-strong fighter escort for 13 Italian Savoia-Marchetti SM.82 transports. No. 145 Squadron RAF led by Wing Commander Ian Gleed intercepted the mixed Axis force over Cap Bon. The Germans failed to protect the Italians and seven transports were shot down along with Bf 109 (Werknummer 16 485), "White 9" and its pilot Leutnant Rüdiger. JG 77 claimed four Spitfires—one for Bär and Berres. Reinert also claimed a victory, recorded as a P-51 Mustang. Gleed, who was killed in action that day along with his wingman, flew a clipped-wing Spitfire LF. Vb coded IR-G and Reinert mistook the unusual Spitfire for a Mustang.

Three days later, on 19 April, Reinert claimed another P-51. Once more, this was probably misidentified as a clipped-wing Spitfire. The identity of this victory was either Lieutenant Maurice Langberg who was killed or Second Lieutenant Edwin C. Smithers who was captured. The pilots belonged to the 2nd and 4th Fighter Squadrons of the 52nd Fighter Group which claimed four German fighters. It may have also been Warrant Officer Williams of No. 608 Squadron RAF. The victory was Reinert's 150th of the war. By the 25 April 1943 the Axis front was collapsing. On this day Reinert led an attack on USAAF P-39s from the 350th Fighter Group. Reinert claimed one and the Americans lost five. Captain Howes and Lieutenant O'Connor were killed. In the afternoon he claimed the Spitfire J17616 flown by Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF) Warrant Officer Bruce Edward Anderson, with 145 Squadron. Anderson died of wounds.

On 6 May Axis forces held a narrow strip of territory on the coast near Tunis. The acute fuel shortages forced German fighters to operate in pairs. JG 77 lost two pilots killed. At 10:55 Reinert claimed his 153rd victory over a Spitfire. Only III./JG 77 claimed a further victory. On 8 May JG 77 decided to evacuate its headquarters from Korobus airfield. Reinert took off in a Bf 109 sitting on the lap of Leutnant Zeno Bäumel and carrying 4 Staffel's chief mechanic Oberfeldwebel Walter inside the fuselage. On the flight to Sicily Reinert spotted and attacked a Grumman F4F Wildcat "Martlet" which crashed into the sea.

On 8 May 1943, JG 77 evacuated from Tunisia to various airfields in Sicily while I. Gruppe was sent to Munich. The original intent was to give the Geschwader a period of rest. On 11 May, II. Gruppe moved from Trapani to the Italian mainland at Foggia for replenishment. After a month of rest, on 19 June 1943, the Gruppe relocated back to Trapani. In June and early July the USAAF and British and Commonwealth Air Forces, after initial resistance, attained air superiority. At this time the Mediterranean Air Command had 146 American and 121 British and Commonwealth squadrons available and in range of Sicily. The Axis had 838 operational aircraft including 434 Sicily-based fighter and fighter bomber–aircraft.

By 15 June 1943, some 19 main airfields with 12 minor airstrips were available. Air Chief Marshal Sir Arthur Tedder ordered all-out attacks to destroy Axis aviation in and over Sicily. On 10 July 1943 Operation Husky began and by 18 July only 25 German fighters remained. Allied air power had completely bombed-out the Axis air forces. JG 77, which formed part of the ad hoc Jagdgruppe Vibo Valentia, lost the last of its fighters when 80 German and Italian aircraft were destroyed in one attack on 16 July, eliminating the fighter group. By 20 July I. and II./JG 77 had been pulled out of Sicily to Calabria, on the mainland, where Reinert continued to fly combat sorties over Sicily.

Reinert claimed his first aerial victory in Sicily on 7 August. Two P-40s shot down at 11:45 and 11:54 respectively, took his total of aerial victories to 156. On 13 August 1943, a flight of six Bf 109s from I. Gruppe and nine Bf 109s from II. Gruppe took off at 09:45 on an escort mission for five Dornier Do 217 from Kampfgeschwader 100 which were on an anti-shipping mission. On this mission, the flight encountered 25 to 30 P-40s north coast of Sicily. Reinert shot down three P-40's and his Bf 109 G-6 was hit in the radiator forcing him to ditch in the sea north of Milazzo. Reinert nearly drowned and was shot at by Italian soldiers before he returned to his unit on 14 August. The campaign ended with the Axis withdrawal on 17 August. Reinert claimed two P-40s the following day.

On 7 September 1943, I. Gruppe lost the Staffelkapitän (squadron leader) of 3./JG 77 Oberleutnant Gerhard Strasen who was wounded in combat. In consequence, Reinert was transferred from II. Gruppe to I. Gruppe, replacing Strasen as Staffelführer, acting squadron leader. Reinert served in this position until 1 December 1943, when he was officially appointed as Staffelkapitän of 3./JG 77.

Reinert was then appointed Staffelkapitän (squadron leader) of 1./JG 77. In December he shot down a Supermarine Spitfire over Monte Cassino for his 165th claim. Early in 1944 Reinert was ill with malaria.

In April 1944, Reinert was posted to Jagdgeschwader 27 (JG 27—27th Fighter Wing), at first flying with 1. Staffel from an airfield at Fels am Wagram in Defence of the Reich. At 13:39 on 24 April, he claimed the final destruction of an already damaged Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress bomber. That day, the United States Army Air Forces (USAAF) with a force of 754 heavy bombers, escorted by 867 fighter aircraft, targeted German aircraft manufacturing and airfields in Southern Germany. On 13 May 1944, Reinert was appointed Staffelkapitän of 12. Staffel of JG 27. Command had been transferred from Oberleutnant Franz Stigler who took command of 8. Staffel of JG 27. On 1 August 1944, Reinert was promoted to Oberleutnant.

JG 27 was transferred in June to the invasion front, flying over Caen and claiming a P-47 Thunderbolt on 27 June. Two further victories over Normandy followed, although Reinert was injured on 17 June and 5 July. Reinert's 12./JG 27 was redesignated as 14 Staffel in August and was withdrawn to Germany for refitting.

On 1 January 1945, JG 27 participated in Operation Bodenplatte, a Luftwaffe mass attack against Allied airfields in the Benelux area. The operation resulted in hundreds of aircraft losses on both sides and was an operational failure of the Luftwaffe. JG 27, augmented by VI. Gruppe of Jagdgeschwader 54, was ordered to attack the airfield at Brussels-Melsbroek. IV. Gruppe of JG 27, led by Hauptmann Heinz Dudeck, took off from Achmer shortly before 08:30. During the attack, IV./JG 27 made five strafing attacks on Brussels-Melsbroek, claiming multiple aircraft destroyed. IV./JG 27 did not suffer any casualties over the target area. However, on the return flight to Achmer, three aircraft were shot down, including Dudeck who was taken prisoner of war. On 5 January 1945, Reinert succeeded Dudeck as Gruppenkommandeur (group commander) of VI. Gruppe.

In Reinert's first month of command, VI. Gruppe saw little action in January 1945, largely due to the relatively bad weather conditions in Germany. On 23 January, one Bf 109 was lost in combat with P-51s near Lengerich, otherwise no claims nor losses were recorded. Reinert, together with Erich Hartmann, Werner Schröer, Günther Rall and others, was posted to a group commanders training course at Königsberg, present-day Chojna in western Poland. On 1 February 1945, he received a telegram announcing that he had been awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords. The presentation was made by the commander-in-chief of the Luftwaffe, Reichsmarschall Hermann Göring at the Ministry of Aviation in Berlin on 23 February 1945. At the same time, Reinert was promoted to Hauptmann, the promotion backdated to 1 January 1945.

In March 1945, the increasing Allied air superiority forced JG 27 to abandon its bases at Achmer and Rheine. On 18 March, it was decided to relocate JG 27 further east, to airfields in the vicinity of Lippstadt. On 21 March and prior to its relocation, VI. Gruppe was annihilated at Achmer by an attack of 180 Consolidated B-24 Liberator bombers of the USAAF Eighth Air Force which destroyed 37 of the 38 remaining Bf 109 on the ground. On 31 March, it was decided to disband VI. Gruppe. It was not possible to replenish the unit with new aircraft. The majority of its personnel were assigned to various Fallschirmjäger and infantry units destined to fight in the Battle of Berlin.

On 23 March 1945, Reinert had been transferred to I. Gruppe of Jagdgeschwader 7 (JG 7—7th Fighter Wing) for conversion training to the Messerschmitt Me 262 jet fighter. The Gruppe was commanded by Major Wolfgang Späte and at the time based at Brandenburg-Briest. Reinert did not fly any combat missions on the Me 262. Before the end of World War II in Europe, the unit relocated multiple times, from Berlin to Prague, to Lagerlechfeld, to Munich–Holzkirchen, Plattling and to Mühldorf. There, on 8 May 1945, he was taken prisoner of war by US forces.

In September 1945, Reinert was released from US captivity and pursued a career in business as an industrial sales representative. On 1 April 1956, he reentered military service in the Bundeswehr as an Hauptmann in the West German Air Force. Following various training courses, he was appointed Staffelkapitän of the 2. Staffel of Jagdbombergeschwader 31 "Boelcke" (JaBoG 31—Fighter-Bomber Wing 31), and at the time under the command of Oberstleutnant Gerhard Barkhorn. The unit was initially equipped with the Republic F-84F Thunderstreak and based at the Nörvenich Air Base. On 19 January 1959, JaBoG 31 became the first German Air Force wing to be assigned to NATO. On 1 March 1959, Reinert was promoted to Major.

For the next four years, Reinert commanded the flying elements of Jagdbombergeschwader 35 (JaBoG 35—Fighter-Bomber Wing 35), at the time under the command of Oberstleutnant Karl Henze. JaBoG 35 existed from 1959 to 1966 and was then reformed as Leichtes Kampfgeschwader 41 (LeKG 41—Light-Bomber Wing 41). Reinert then served as staff officer with the 3rd Luftwaffe Division and as chief of the air-ground firing range at the Sylt Air Base near Westerland. On 1 March 1971, he was promoted to Oberstleutnant. His final posting was to the Air Force Forces Command at Köln-Wahn where he served as a staff officer. Reinert retired from military service on 30 September 1972.

Reinert then became a certified healing practitioner in Bad Pyrmont. Until his deteriorating health prohibited otherwise, he continued to fly civil aircraft as hobby. He died on 5 September 2007 in Bad Pyrmont.

Reinert was credited with 174 enemy aircraft shot down in 715 combat missions, of which 103 were claimed over the Eastern Front, with 51 in the Mediterranean theatre and 20 over the Western Front. On 60 ground attack missions, he was also credited with the destruction of 16 aircraft, 10 tanks and 6 locomotives.



Source :
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst-Wilhelm_Reinert
http://militaryauction.org/s/wwii-knights-cross
Source:
https://www.lexikon-der-wehrmacht.de/
https://www.tracesofwar.com/
https://grokipedia.com/
https://rk.balsi.de/index.php?action=list&cat=300
https://www.unithistories.com/units_index/index.php?file=/officers/personsx.html
https://web.archive.org/web/20091027052912fw_/http://geocities.com/orion47.geo/index2.html
https://forum.axishistory.com/
https://www.wehrmacht-awards.com/forums/
https://www.geni.com/
https://aircrewremembered.com/KrackerDatabase/?q=units
https://www.ww2.dk/lwoffz.html
https://www.lexikon-der-wehrmacht.de/Personenregister/R/ReinertEW.htm

General der Panzertruppe Friedrich Kirchner (1885-1960)


Friedrich Kirchner was a German general during World War II who commanded the 1st Panzer Division and later the LVII Panzer Corps. Born on 26 March 1885 in Zöbigker near Leipzig in the Kingdom of Saxony, he rose through the ranks of the Imperial German Army to become one of the Wehrmacht's most experienced armored leaders. Kirchner earned the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords for his leadership in critical operations on both the Western and Eastern Fronts. His career spanned more than four decades of military service, beginning in the cavalry and transitioning to panzer forces, where he demonstrated exceptional skill in offensive breakthroughs and defensive withdrawals under extreme pressure. He was captured by American forces at the end of the war and released in 1947, dying in Fulda, Hesse, on 6 April 1960.

Kirchner enlisted in the Royal Saxon Army in 1899 as a Fahnenjunker and was commissioned as a Leutnant in 1907. During World War I he served with the 23rd Division, advancing to the rank of Rittmeister in the cavalry by 1915 and earning both classes of the Iron Cross for his frontline actions. After the armistice he was one of the officers retained in the reduced Reichswehr, where he continued to specialize in cavalry roles. By 1928 he had reached the rank of major and served on the staff of a cavalry division. In 1933 he took command of a battalion in the 11th Cavalry Regiment at Neustadt, and two years later he transferred to the newly forming panzer arm, assuming command of an infantry regiment within the 1st Panzer Division on 15 October 1935. His steady promotions reflected the Wehrmacht's emphasis on mobile warfare, culminating in his appointment as commander of an infantry brigade on 10 November 1938 and his elevation to Generalmajor in March 1938.

In the invasion of Poland in September 1939 Kirchner led his brigade as part of the 1st Panzer Division, contributing to the rapid advances that characterized the campaign. He received the 1939 clasps to both classes of the Iron Cross for his performance. On 1 November 1939 he was given full command of the 1st Panzer Division itself, and he was promoted to Generalleutnant on 1 April 1940 just weeks before the launch of the Western offensive. Under Heinz Guderian's XIX Army Corps, the division formed the spearhead of the Ardennes thrust during the Battle of France. Kirchner personally directed the assault across the heavily fortified Meuse River near Sedan on 13 May 1940, leading from the foremost lines as assault engineers crossed under fire and panzers followed to shatter French defenses. The division's rapid breakout and pursuit toward the Channel coast played a decisive role in encircling Allied forces in Belgium, earning Kirchner the Knight's Cross on 20 May 1940 as the 29th recipient. He was lightly wounded during the campaign when a German vehicle ran over his leg, yet he maintained effective command throughout.

Following the French campaign Kirchner remained with the 1st Panzer Division as it prepared for operations on the Eastern Front. The division participated in the opening phases of Operation Barbarossa in 1941, where Kirchner continued to demonstrate bold leadership in armored advances. On 15 November 1941 he assumed command of the LVII Armeekorps, which was redesignated as the LVII Panzer Corps on 21 June 1942. Promoted to General der Panzertruppe on 1 February 1942, he led the corps through the grueling defensive battles of Army Group South and later Army Group North. In April 1942 he was awarded the German Cross in Gold for his earlier achievements with the 1st Panzer Division. By late 1943 the corps was engaged in the Dnieper Bend, where Kirchner orchestrated a series of fighting withdrawals east of Krivoi Rog amid relentless Soviet offensives. His panzer and motorized units conducted timely counterattacks to cover phased retreats, preserving combat strength and vital equipment despite muddy terrain and overwhelming enemy numbers, actions that prevented encirclement and earned him the Oak Leaves to the Knight's Cross on 12 February 1944 as the 391st recipient.

As the war turned increasingly desperate in 1944 and early 1945, Kirchner's LVII Panzer Corps fought in the Courland Pocket and East Prussia, repelling repeated Soviet assaults in frozen and snow-covered terrain. The corps, often outnumbered and short of fuel and ammunition, held key sectors through skillful use of terrain, local counterthrusts, and coordinated fire from remaining tanks and assault guns. Kirchner's calm direction sealed breaches and maintained frontline stability against massive infantry waves and armored spearheads, tying down significant Red Army resources even as German forces faced isolation and supply shortages. These defensive successes, which included withstanding six major Soviet offensives in Courland between October 1944 and March 1945, led to the award of the Swords to his Knight's Cross on 26 January 1945 as the 127th recipient. The corps remained operational until the final capitulation in May 1945, its cohesion under Kirchner's leadership allowing partial evacuations by sea while preventing total collapse in the sector.

Kirchner was taken prisoner by United States forces in May 1945 and held until his release in 1947. He returned to civilian life in West Germany, where he lived quietly until his death in Fulda on 6 April 1960 at the age of 75. Throughout his long career he had also received numerous other decorations, including the Honor Cross for Frontline Fighters, the Eastern Front Medal, and various long-service awards from the Wehrmacht. His progression from Saxon cavalry officer to one of Germany's senior panzer generals exemplified the evolution of German mobile warfare doctrine, and his awards recognized not only tactical brilliance in the 1940 breakthrough at Sedan but also resolute command in the face of overwhelming Soviet superiority on the Eastern Front. Kirchner's legacy endures as a commander who excelled in both the high-speed offensives of blitzkrieg and the attritional defensive struggles that defined the later years of the conflict.


Source:
https://www.lexikon-der-wehrmacht.de/ (Personenregister/K/KirchnerF-R.htm)  
https://en.wikipedia.org/ (Friedrich Kirchner)  
https://www.tracesofwar.com/ (persons/9733/Kirchner-Friedrich.htm)  
https://grokipedia.com/ (page/Friedrich_Kirchner)  
https://rk.balsi.de/index.php?action=list&cat=300  
https://www.unithistories.com/units_index/index.php?file=/officers/personsx.html  
https://web.archive.org/web/20091027052912fw_/http://geocities.com/orion47.geo/index2.html  
https://forum.axishistory.com/  
https://www.wehrmacht-awards.com/forums/  
https://www.geni.com/  
https://generals.dk/general/Kirchner/Friedrich/Germany.html

Major Erich Rudorffer (1917-2016)


Erich Rudorffer was a German Luftwaffe fighter ace who served continuously from the outbreak of World War II until its end in 1945 and claimed 222 confirmed aerial victories over more than 1,000 combat missions while engaging in over 300 aerial combats. One of only a handful of pilots to fight in every major theater including the Battle of France the Battle of Britain North Africa and the Eastern Front he flew primarily with Jagdgeschwader 2 Richthofen and later Jagdgeschwader 54 Grünherz before finishing the war with Jagdgeschwader 7 on the Messerschmitt Me 262 jet fighter. Rudorffer was shot down 16 times by flak or enemy aircraft and forced to bail out nine times yet he survived the conflict and rose to the rank of major while commanding various fighter groups. His extraordinary record of multiple victory sorties in a single engagement earned him a reputation as a master of rapid successive kills particularly in the rugged Focke-Wulf Fw 190 which became his signature mount on the Eastern Front. He was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords one of the highest decorations for bravery in the German armed forces and at the time of his death he remained the last surviving recipient of that distinction.

Born on 1 November 1917 in Zwochau Saxony in the German Empire Rudorffer completed vocational training as an automobile metalsmith specializing in coachbuilding before enlisting in the Luftwaffe on 16 April 1936 with Flieger-Ersatz-Abteilung 61 in Oschatz. He began his service as a mechanic with bomber units including Kampfgeschwader 253 and Kampfgeschwader 153 while undergoing technical training at the Technische Schule Adlershof in Berlin and later transferred to flight school with Flieger-Ersatz-Abteilung 51 in Liegnitz where he trained first as a bomber pilot and then as a heavy fighter or Zerstörer pilot. During this period he also gained experience as an airline pilot with Deutsche Luft Hansa flying civilian routes. By late 1939 after completing advanced fighter training at Jagdfliegerschule 2 in Schleißheim and postings to supplementary fighter groups he was assigned as an Oberfeldwebel to 2. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 2 Richthofen at Frankfurt-Rebstock airfield just in time for the opening campaigns of the war.

Rudorffer's combat debut came during the Battle of France in May 1940 when his group supported the rapid advance of Army Group A through the Ardennes. On 14 May he claimed his first victory a French Curtiss Hawk 75 southwest of Les Sees-la-Gresn at 15:08 after diving on the enemy fighter during a low-level attack near the Maas bridges. Over the next weeks he added claims against LeO 451 bombers Morane 406 fighters and Blenheims while operating from forward fields such as Bastogne scoring nine victories before the French armistice on 22 June. Transitioning into the Battle of Britain and the ongoing Channel Front offensive he flew relentless sorties against the Royal Air Force claiming Spitfires and Hurricanes in dogfights over southern England and the Thames Estuary. One particularly harrowing incident occurred when a Hawker Hurricane pursued him at rooftop level down Croydon High Street in a high-speed chase through the London suburbs forcing him to weave between buildings and evade ground fire before breaking free and escaping across the Channel. By 1 May 1941 after 145 combat missions and 19 confirmed victories he was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross becoming the 184th Luftwaffe recipient of the decoration.

In November 1942 Rudorffer's unit II./JG 2 was withdrawn from the Channel coast and redeployed to Sicily and later Tunisia to counter Operation Torch equipped with the Focke-Wulf Fw 190. Operating from bases such as Bizerte and Kairouan he adapted quickly to the harsh desert conditions and the new fighter's rugged firepower. On 9 February 1943 during a chaotic 32-minute battle south of Ousseltia he achieved his first ace-in-a-day downing six P-40 Warhawks and two P-38 Lightnings in rapid succession through aggressive diving passes and precise deflection shooting as the American formation attempted to protect B-17 bombers. Six days later on 15 February he claimed seven more Allied fighters including four P-38s and three Spitfires in another frenzied low-altitude melee near Pichon and Sbeitla. Promoted to Hauptmann and appointed Gruppenkommandeur of II./JG 2 on 17 April he amassed 26 victories in the Mediterranean theater before the Axis withdrawal demonstrating exceptional skill in outnumbered defensive scrambles.

Transferred east in July 1943 to command II./JG 54 on the Eastern Front Rudorffer switched exclusively to the Fw 190 and immediately excelled in the low- and medium-altitude brawls against massed Soviet formations of Yaks LaGGs Il-2 Sturmoviks and Pe-2 bombers. His first sortie on 24 August 1943 yielded five Soviet aircraft downed in just four minutes including DB-3 bombers an Il-2 and La-5 fighters during a head-on attack near Karachev. On 11 October he reached his 100th victory with a burst of seven kills in quick succession near Teremky and Glychow. The pinnacle of his multi-victory exploits came on 6 November 1943 when he tore into a large formation near Vitebsk claiming 13 Soviet fighters eight Yak-7s and five Yak-9s in only 17 minutes through successive high-speed passes that shredded the enemy amid intense defensive fire. These actions along with consistent scoring that included dozens of heavily armored Il-2 Sturmoviks pushed his total past 130 by early 1944. On 7 April 1944 he added six more victories in a single sortie primarily Il-2s and P-39 Airacobras earning the Oak Leaves to the Knight's Cross days later as the 447th recipient.

By late 1944 with II./JG 54 defending the Courland Pocket in Latvia Rudorffer earned the nickname Fighter of Libau during a dramatic solo action on 28 October. Spotting a formation of approximately 60 Soviet close-support aircraft approaching German airfields near Grobin while preparing to land he aborted his approach climbed rapidly and single-handedly engaged the enemy. In under 10 minutes he shot down nine heavily armored Il-2 Sturmoviks with cannon and machine-gun fire in aggressive passes exploiting the Fw 190's toughness against the storm of return fire from gunners and escorts before the surviving aircraft scattered in disarray. He added two more victories later that day for 11 total bringing his score to 206 and prompting a mention in the Wehrmachtbericht. This and subsequent scoring to over 210 victories led to the award of the Swords on 26 January 1945 as the 126th presentation. In the final months of the war he trained on the Me 262 and commanded I./JG 7 claiming 12 additional victories including 10 heavy bombers while defending the Reich from northern bases such as Kaltenkirchen.

After Germany's surrender Rudorffer briefly emigrated to Australia where he flew commercial routes before returning to civilian life in Germany. He worked for Pan American World Airways and later joined the German civil aviation authority contributing his expertise to postwar aviation. He lived quietly until his death on 8 April 2016 in Bad Schwartau at the age of 98 having outlived all other recipients of the Knight's Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords. His career exemplified not only remarkable marksmanship and tactical aggression in outnumbered fights but also extraordinary resilience having survived the full span of the air war across four continents.




Source :
https://www.alexautographs.com/auction-lot/erich-rudorffer_EFB4D768A9
https://www.bild.bundesarchiv.de/dba/de/search/?yearfrom=&yearto=&query=rudorffer
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erich_Rudorffer
https://www.luftwaffe.cz/rudorffer.html
https://www.tracesofwar.com/persons/26122/Rudorffer-Erich.htm
https://ww2colorfarbe.blogspot.com/2022/02/bio-of-luftwaffe-ace-erich-rudorffer.html

Oberstleutnant Hermann Hogeback (1914-2004)


Hermann Hogeback, the son of a tax inspector, was born on 25 August 1914 in Idar-Oberstein at the time in the Grand Duchy of Oldenburg, a state of the German Empire. Growing up in Münster from 1921 on he graduated with his Abitur (diploma) in 1934. After his graduation, Hogeback joined the military service as an officer cadet in the 9th Company of Infantry Regiment 15, 5th Division of the Reichswehr in Kassel. Following his officers training he transferred to the Luftwaffe a year later where he received his pilot training at Neuruppin, Ludwigslust and at the R.B.-Strecke of the Deutsche Luft Hansa. During this training period he was promoted to Leutnant (second lieutenant) on 1 June 1936. After he completed his bomber pilot training he transferred to the III./Lehrgeschwader Greifswald (3rd group of Demonstration Wing Greifswald), which was formed on 1 April 1937 and later became the III./Lehrgeschwader 1 (LG 1—1st Demonstration Wing). Hogeback then transferred to the II./Kampfgeschwader 355 (2nd group of the 355th Bomber Wing) on 1 May 1938 and to Kampfgeschwader 253 (243rd Bomber Wing) on 1 September 1938.

Following his promotion to Oberleutnant (first lieutenant) Hogeback volunteered for combat service with the Condor Legion (Legion Condor) where he flew more than 100 missions in the Spanish Civil War. The Condor Legion was a unit composed of volunteers from the Luftwaffe and from the German Army (Heer) which served in the Spanish Civil War in support of the Nationalists. His Heinkel He 111 was shot down by republican anti-aircraft artillery on his first mission with 1. Kampfgruppe 88 in Spain. The mission was to attack positions at Móra d'Ebre and Ebro. Hogeback's starboard engine was hit and caught fire. Attempting to return to Zaragoza-Sanjurjo, he had to give the order to abandon the aircraft. The combat observer, Poppenhagen, and the flight engineer, Hermann, managed to bail out but the radio operator Unteroffizier Gerhard Pacht, was wounded and failed to escape. Hogeback bailed out as well but sustained skull and lung injuries when he struck the antenna and vertical stabilizer and came down in no man's land where he was recovered the following night. For his services in Spain he was awarded the Spanish Cross in Gold with Swords in June 1939.

At the outbreak of World War II on 1 September 1939, Hogeback was back with III./LG 1 where he flew the He 111 in combat missions in the Invasion of Poland. His Gruppe (group) converted to the then new Junkers Ju 88 at the beginning of 1940. He flew further combat missions in the Battle of France. In summer of 1940 he flew missions against England in what would become the Battle of Britain, including 28 missions over London.

Hogeback and III./LG 1 was relocated to Sicily for operations in the siege of Malta and on 20 January 1941 he was appointed Staffelkapitän (squadron leader) of the 8./LG 1. On one of his first missions in the Mediterranean theatre he was credited with the sinking of a 10,000 gross register tons (GRT) freighter. His Ju 88 came under attack from 12 British fighters during an aerial reconnaissance flight over the Mediterranean Sea in July 1941. The British fighters broke off the attack following aerial combat, during the course of which Hogeback's radio operator Feldwebel (Sergeant) Willy Lehnert managed to shoot down two of the attackers.

On 8 September 1941, after 163 combat missions, Oberleutnant Hogeback received the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross (Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes) from the hands of Fliegerführer Afrika Generalmajor (Major General) Stefan Fröhlich at Derna in North Africa. On 20 February 1943, for his leadership of III.(Kampf)/LG 1, Hogeback was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves (Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes mit Eichenlaub), the 192nd German soldier so honoured. The award was presented at the Wolf's Lair, or Wolfsschanze (Führer Headquarters, at Rastenburg, East Prussia) in early March 1943. Hogeback together with Hauptmann Erwin Fischer, an aerial reconnaissance pilot with Fernaufklärungs-Gruppe 121 (Long–range Reconnaissance Group 121), received the award directly from Adolf Hitler. At this presentation Hitler commented that eligibility for high awards was most difficult to achieve for reconnaissance pilots, next were the bomber pilots, and last and most easy for the "fine gentlemen" from the fighter force. Hitler then said that this procedure would be changed before inviting them to tea along with Luftwaffe adjutant Oberst Nicolaus von Below.

On 12 August 1943 Hogeback was appointed to succeed Oberst Walter Storp as Geschwaderkommodore (Wing Commander) of Kampfgeschwader 6 (KG 6—6th Bomber Wing) and was promoted to Oberstleutnant (Lieutenant Colonel) with effect from 1 May 1944. On 18 October 1944 KG 6, along with Kampfgeschwader 27 (KG 27—27th Bomber Wing), Kampfgeschwader 30 (KG 30—30th Bomber Wing) and Kampfgeschwader 55 (KG 55—55th Bomber Wing) were subordinated to the newly formed IX. (J) Fliegerkorps. KG 6 received the suffix "J" to its name—J stands for Jagd (fighter aircraft)—and was now known as Kampfgeschwader (J) 6, denoting its fighter aircraft character. Hogeback ordered all the remaining Junkers Ju 88 and Junkers Ju 188 units transferred to other units. KG(J) 6 then transferred to Prague for conversion to the Messerschmitt Me 262 jet fighter.

Between 1943 and 1945 every member of Hogeback's Junkers Ju 88 crew was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross, making it the most highly and only so decorated crew in the Luftwaffe. Air gunner Oberfeldwebel Günter Glasner—crew member since early 1940—received the Knight's Cross on 31 December 1943, radio operator Oberfeldwebel Willy Lehnert—crew member since March 1941—on 5 April 1944, and observer Fahnenjunker-Oberfeldwebel Wilhelm Dipberger—crew member since 1940—on 9 January 1945.

Following the German capitulation in May 1945, Hogeback was taken prisoner of war by United States Army forces. He was held captive in London, England, and at Sainte-Mère-Église, France, before being released in September 1945.

After the war Hermann Hogeback studied law and worked in the automobile industry. He died on 15 February 2004 in Dötlingen, Lower Saxony, and was buried with full military honors.





Source :
https://www.alexautographs.com/auction-lot/hermann-hogeback_FCD4A3191B
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Hogeback
https://www.lexikon-der-wehrmacht.de/
https://www.tracesofwar.com/
https://grokipedia.com/
https://rk.balsi.de/index.php?action=list&cat=300
https://www.unithistories.com/units_index/index.php?file=/officers/personsx.html
https://web.archive.org/web/20091027052912fw_/http://geocities.com/orion47.geo/index2.html
https://forum.axishistory.com/
https://www.wehrmacht-awards.com/forums/
https://www.geni.com/
https://www.ww2.dk/lwoffz.html
http://ww2colorfarbe.blogspot.com/2021/06/bio-of-luftwaffe-bomber-ace-hermann.html

General der Panzertruppe Walther Nehring (1892-1983)


Walther Kurt Josef Nehring was a German general of the Panzertruppe in the Wehrmacht during the Second World War who commanded armored formations on the Eastern Front, in North Africa, and again in the East, earning high decorations for his leadership in mobile warfare and crisis situations. Born on 15 August 1892 in Stretzin, West Prussia, in the German Empire, he came from a family with military ties as the son of Emil Nehring, a landowner, schoolteacher, and reserve officer, and Martha Nehring, née Weiß. He had one half-brother, Edwin, from his father's first marriage. Nehring married Annemarie Rohrbeck in the autumn of 1923, and the couple had three children: a daughter Annemarie born in September 1924, and sons Christoph in February 1930 and Hubertus in December 1935. No specific details about his religious beliefs are recorded in available sources. After completing his Abitur, he entered the Prussian Army in September 1911 as a Fahnenjunker with Infantry Regiment 152 in Marienburg and was commissioned as a Leutnant in February 1913 following training at the war school in Anklam.

Nehring's early combat experience came during the First World War, where he served initially as a platoon leader on the Eastern Front and was wounded in 1914. By November of that year he had become adjutant of a mobile replacement battalion, later returning to his regiment as battalion adjutant. In the spring of 1916 he volunteered for the air service but suffered a severe crash after only two weeks of training, breaking his jaw and sustaining a concussion. He then commanded a machine-gun company on the Western Front and was gravely wounded again by abdominal gunshot fire at Kemmelberg in July 1918. After the armistice he held staff positions in the postwar Reichswehr, serving with border protection units in East Prussia, then as an ordnance officer and later in various infantry and motorized formations. During the 1920s and early 1930s he attended advanced staff training and worked in the Reichswehr Ministry, contributing to the secret development of motorized and armored units under General Oswald Lutz and Colonel Heinz Guderian. By 1929 he had established one of the first combat-ready motorized companies, and in the mid-1930s he helped shape the emerging Panzerwaffe while commanding Panzer Regiment 5 and serving as chief of staff of XIX Army Corps.

With the outbreak of the Second World War, Nehring participated in the Polish Campaign as chief of staff of XIX Corps under Guderian, then repeated the role during the Western Campaign in 1940. In October 1940 he took command of the newly formed 18th Panzer Division, which he led into Operation Barbarossa in June 1941 as part of Panzer Group 2. The division's advance began dramatically when its tanks, fitted with waterproof rubber skins originally intended for a planned invasion of Britain, plunged directly into the Bug River on 22 June, fording under fire in an amphibious assault that caught Soviet defenders off guard. By early July the formation had pushed deep into Belarus, reaching the Beresina River near Borissow where Soviet forces had massed elite troops and tanks to deny every crossing. On 1 and 2 July 1941 Nehring personally directed a combined-arms assault through dense forests and marshland under constant artillery and air bombardment. Panzergrenadiers and engineers battled forward amid exploding shells and burning vehicles while tank crews dueled T-34s and KV heavy tanks at close range. Despite fierce counterattacks that turned the riverbanks into a smoke-filled killing ground, the division seized intact bridges and established a secure bridgehead on the eastern bank through grenade-and-bayonet fighting in the underbrush. This breakthrough, achieved by Nehring's emphasis on speed and improvisation, opened the path for the wider German advance toward Smolensk and earned him the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross on 24 July 1941.

In early 1942 Nehring was transferred to North Africa, where he briefly commanded the Deutsches Afrika Korps in March before being appointed its permanent leader in July. He directed operations during the final major Axis offensive at Alam Halfa in late August and early September 1942 but was severely wounded in an air raid on 31 August and evacuated to Germany. Recovering, he returned to command the German forces in Tunisia as head of LXXXX Army Corps from November 1942, organizing defenses against advancing Allied armies until the Axis collapse in May 1943. Sent back to the Eastern Front in February 1943, he assumed command of XXIV Panzer Corps under the Fourth Panzer Army. On 24 December 1943 Soviet forces launched a massive surprise offensive that shattered the neighboring corps near Kasatin south of Kiev, tearing open the German lines and threatening encirclement of much of Army Group South. Flown into the chaos, Nehring took charge of battered remnants from his own units and ad-hoc battle groups in freezing winter conditions of snow-covered fields and icy roads clogged with retreating troops. Through rapid redeployments, spoiling attacks, and concentrated fire from surviving armor and artillery, his forces halted the Soviet momentum around the Dnepr bridgeheads at Burkin and Kanev. Panzergrenadiers held ridges against repeated human-wave assaults while night marches plugged gaps in the line, ultimately stabilizing the front despite shortages of fuel and ammunition. For this emergency intervention Nehring received the Oak Leaves to his Knight's Cross on 8 February 1944.

By January 1945 Nehring's corps was positioned near the Baranow bridgehead on the Vistula when the massive Soviet Vistula-Oder Offensive erupted on 12 January, smashing through German positions and isolating large formations in snow-bound encirclements. His XXIV Panzer Corps became one of the few major units to avoid immediate destruction but was soon surrounded, forming what became known as the "wandering pocket." Under Nehring's direction the mixed force of panzers, grenadiers, artillery, and stragglers conducted a continuous fighting retreat across blizzards and sub-zero terrain, launching hit-and-run attacks on Soviet blocking positions while protecting columns of wounded and supplies. Soviet tank armies repeatedly attempted to seal the ring with night assaults and barrages that lit the frozen landscape with tracer fire and explosions. On 22 January south of Lask, Nehring orchestrated a final concentrated thrust that punched through the encirclement in savage close-quarters combat, with tanks dueling at point-blank range and infantry clearing roadblocks under machine-gun fire. The breakout allowed the battered but intact corps to link up with German lines and immediately redeploy to defend the Oder River. This skillful leadership of the mobile pocket, one of the rare successful large-unit survivals amid the offensive's opening chaos, earned him the Swords to his Knight's Cross on 22 January 1945.

In the final months of the war Nehring temporarily commanded the Fourth Panzer Army in April 1944 before returning to XXIV Panzer Corps and then assuming leadership of the First Panzer Army in March 1945 until the capitulation. He surrendered to American forces on 9 May 1945 and was held as a prisoner of war until his release in 1948. In the postwar years he lived quietly in West Germany and was awarded the Federal Cross of Merit First Class in 1973 for his contributions to veterans' affairs. Nehring died on 20 April 1983 in Düsseldorf at the age of ninety. His career exemplified the evolution of German armored doctrine from theoretical experiments in the Reichswehr through the high-mobility campaigns of 1939-1941 to the desperate defensive battles of the later war years, marked by consistent tactical skill in both offensive breakthroughs and improvised retreats under overwhelming pressure.






Source :
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walther_Nehring
http://www.geocities.ws/orion47.geo/WEHRMACHT/HEER/General2/NEHRING_WALTHER.html
https://waralbum.ru/336845/
https://www.lexikon-der-wehrmacht.de/
https://en.wikipedia.org/
https://www.tracesofwar.com/
https://grokipedia.com/
https://www.geni.com/
https://forum.axishistory.com/
https://rk.balsi.de/index.php?action=list&cat=300
https://www.unithistories.com/units_index/index.php?file=/officers/personsx.html
https://web.archive.org/web/20091027052912fw_/http://geocities.com/orion47.geo/index2.html
https://www.wehrmacht-awards.com/forums/
Additional websites used for verification:
https://warhistory.org/@msw/article/general-der-panzertruppe-walter-k-nehring
http://ww2colorfarbe.blogspot.com/2021/12/bio-of-general-der-panzertruppe-walther.html

Saturday, April 18, 2026

Generalmajor d.R. Maximilian Wengler (1890-1945)


Paul Moritz Maximilian Wengler was a German reserve officer who served with distinction in both world wars and rose to the rank of Generalmajor der Reserve in the final months of World War II. Born on 14 January 1890 in Roßwein, Saxony, within the German Empire, he became one of the few non-regular army officers to command a full infantry division on the Eastern Front and to receive the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords. Wengler earned these high decorations through repeated acts of leadership in desperate defensive battles, particularly during the grueling campaigns to hold the Leningrad corridor, the Narva River line, and the Baltic states against overwhelming Soviet forces. His career spanned from the trenches of the Western Front in 1914 to the collapsing defenses of East Prussia in 1945, where he was killed in action at the age of 55 near Pillau-Neutief. Despite spending most of the interwar years as a civilian insurance executive, he demonstrated exceptional combat effectiveness as a reserve commander, turning isolated pockets and crumbling lines into temporary strongpoints that delayed the Red Army's advance.

Wengler's early life unfolded in the Saxon town of Roßwein, where he was raised as one of four children by his parents Max Wengler and Bertha Emilie Kruspe. Little is documented about his siblings or any formal higher education before military service, but in November 1909 he entered the Royal Saxon Army as a Fähnrich with the 9th (Royal Saxon) Infantry Regiment No. 133 stationed in Zwickau. He was commissioned as a Leutnant in August 1910 and quickly adapted to the rigorous training of the prewar imperial forces. His early military experience emphasized discipline and marksmanship, skills that would later prove vital in both world wars. By the outbreak of World War I in 1914, Wengler was already an experienced junior officer ready for frontline deployment with his regiment in the 40th Infantry Division No. 4.

During World War I, Wengler saw extensive combat on the Western Front, participating in the Marne battles and suffering wounds at Somme-Py and Vitry-le-François while serving continuously with his Saxon regiment from August 1914 until February 1919. His bravery under fire earned him the Ritterkreuz of the Military Order of St. Henry on 15 October 1914, along with both classes of the Iron Cross. The harsh realities of trench warfare, including gas attacks and artillery barrages, shaped his understanding of defensive tenacity, a trait that defined his later commands. After the armistice he was discharged from active duty as a charakterisierter Hauptmann and returned to civilian life, taking up a position as branch director of the Allianz insurance company in Essen, where he remained until the outbreak of the next global conflict in 1939.

Reactivated at the start of World War II as a Hauptmann der Reserve, Wengler first served as a company commander in Infantry Regiment 40 of the 27th Infantry Division, participating in the Poland and Western campaigns of 1939 and 1940. He advanced rapidly to battalion commander during the occupation of France before transferring in 1941 to Infantry Regiment 366 of the 227th Infantry Division, initially assigned to coastal defense duties in Normandy. By mid-1941 the division moved east with Army Group North, advancing through the Baltic states toward Leningrad. On 5 July 1942 Wengler assumed command of the regiment, which was soon thrust into the brutal fighting along the southern shore of Lake Ladoga. His leadership during these operations transformed him from a reserve officer into a recognized combat commander.

The action that secured Wengler's Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross on 6 October 1942 occurred in the late summer fighting north of Gaitolowo during the First Battle of Lake Ladoga. His regiment became isolated on a forested ridge known as the Kugelwäldchen after Soviet forces sliced through neighboring sectors, trapping the unit in a pocket for eight days of relentless assaults. Waves of Soviet infantry and armor crashed against the position amid swamps and shell craters, with ammunition so scarce that shock troops had to fight through enemy lines for resupply or rely on Luftwaffe airdrops under heavy fire. Wengler maintained calm authority, directing close-quarters defenses and counterattacks that prevented the collapse of the entire Ladoga corridor. The ridge, later nicknamed the Wengler-Nase in regimental accounts, held firm until relief arrived, showcasing his ability to inspire exhausted troops in near-hopeless conditions. The regiment was subsequently redesignated Grenadier Regiment 366 in October 1942.

Further recognition came in early 1944 on the Narva River line in Estonia, where Wengler, now an Oberst der Reserve still commanding Grenadier Regiment 366, earned the Oak Leaves to the Knight's Cross on 22 February 1944 as the 404th recipient. In the sector around the village of Omuti, his grenadiers faced a massive Soviet armored assault across frozen ground, with more than one hundred enemy tanks advancing in successive waves supported by artillery and infantry. Under Wengler's direction, anti-tank guns, Panzerfaust teams, and machine-gun nests turned the shoreline into a blazing killing ground, destroying 73 tanks while holding every meter of the river line. Shortly afterward the regiment repelled a Soviet naval landing west of Narva, rushing to the beaches to engage invaders in brutal hand-to-hand combat amid dunes and surf, driving them back into the sea with heavy losses. These feats stabilized the Narva front long enough for Army Group North to reorganize.

By May 1944 Wengler had been promoted to command the entire 227th Infantry Division. He led it through the summer Soviet Baltic Offensive, conducting masterful delaying actions and counterattacks around Liepna in Latvia against vastly superior forces. The division repeatedly dug in along rivers and ridges, launching sharp local counterstrokes that bloodied Soviet armored spearheads and bought time for neighboring units to withdraw or reinforce the Tannenberg Line. Fighting through burning forests and muddy roads, Wengler's troops used every anti-tank weapon and artillery piece to exact a heavy toll during relentless human-wave assaults. For this sustained leadership in the face of overwhelming odds he received the Swords to the Knight's Cross with Oak Leaves on 21 January 1945 as the 123rd recipient, becoming one of the few reserve officers to achieve this distinction. In March 1945 he took command of the 83rd Infantry Division, leading it through the final evacuation battles around Gotenhafen, the Oxhöfter Kämpe, and Pillau-Neutief in East Prussia.

Wengler met his end on 25 April 1945 when he was killed by an aerial bomb during the desperate fighting near Pillau-Neutief as German forces attempted to evacuate the last pockets of East Prussia. His death came just weeks before the unconditional surrender of Nazi Germany. Throughout his career Wengler exemplified the reserve officer who rose through merit rather than regular army privilege, commanding with a blend of Saxon discipline and pragmatic adaptability. His awards also included the 1939 Spange to both classes of the Iron Cross, the Infantry Assault Badge in silver, the Close Combat Clasp in bronze, the Winter Battle in the East Medal, and mention in the Wehrmachtbericht. Though details of his personal life, including any spouse or children, remain largely undocumented, his military legacy endures as a symbol of determined defensive leadership in the most attritional battles of the Eastern Front.



Source:
Wolfgang Keilig: Die Generale des Heeres 1939-1945
Gerhard von Seemen: Die Ritterkreuzträger 1939-1945
John R. Angolia, Roger James Bender: On the field of honor, volume 2
https://www.lexikon-der-wehrmacht.de/
https://en.wikipedia.org/
https://www.tracesofwar.com/
https://grokipedia.com/
https://rk.balsi.de/index.php?action=list&cat=300
https://www.unithistories.com/units_index/index.php?file=/officers/personsx.html
https://web.archive.org/web/20091027052912fw_/http://geocities.com/orion47.geo/index2.html
https://forum.axishistory.com/
https://www.wehrmacht-awards.com/forums/
https://www.geni.com/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximilian_Wengler
https://www.tracesofwar.com/persons/34583/Wengler-Maximilian-Generalmajor.htm

Thursday, April 16, 2026

SS-Obergruppenführer Walter Krüger (1890-1945)


Walter Krüger was a German Waffen-SS general during the Nazi era who rose to the rank of SS-Obergruppenführer und General der Waffen-SS. Born on 27 February 1890 in Straßburg in Alsace-Lorraine within the German Empire, he was the son of a Prussian army colonel and the elder brother of Friedrich-Wilhelm Krüger, who later became another prominent SS general and Ritterkreuzträger. Krüger served with distinction in both world wars, commanding large formations on the Eastern Front in the second conflict and earning the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords for his leadership in critical defensive and offensive operations. He committed suicide on 22 May 1945 in a forest near Sulęcin close to Liepāja in the Courland Pocket, choosing death over capture by advancing Soviet forces just days after the German surrender in Europe.

Krüger entered the Prussian cadet corps in 1900 and attended institutions in Karlsruhe and Berlin-Lichterfelde before being commissioned as a Leutnant in 1908 with the 2nd Badisches Grenadier-Regiment Nr. 110. During World War I he served initially as a battalion adjutant and later as a company and battalion commander on the Western Front, where he was wounded twice and accumulated a series of Imperial German decorations including both classes of the Iron Cross, the Knight's Cross of the Order of the Zähringer Lion, and the Prussian House Order of Hohenzollern with Swords. After the armistice he joined Freikorps units in the Baltic region in 1919, fighting Bolshevik forces in Kurland with formations such as Abteilung Pfeffer and the Westfälisches Freikorps. He briefly returned to the Reichswehr as a machine-gun company commander before leaving active service in 1920 to join the Stahlhelm veterans' organization, where he remained active until the early 1930s.

In December 1933 Krüger entered the Sturmabteilung as a Standartenführer and transferred to the SS-Verfügungstruppe in April 1935 with the rank of SS-Obersturmbannführer, taking command of the second battalion of SS-Standarte Germania. He served as an instructor at the SS-Junkerschule Bad Tölz and held various regimental commands before becoming operations officer of the SS-Polizei-Division in 1939, a role in which he helped prepare the unit for the Western Campaign. His steady rise through the SS ranks reflected both his Imperial Army experience and his early commitment to the National Socialist movement, including joining the NSDAP in 1937. By January 1940 he had reached SS-Oberführer and was positioned for higher field commands as the war expanded eastward.

Krüger assumed command of the SS-Polizei-Division on 10 August 1941 while it was engaged with L. Armeekorps of the 18. Armee on the Leningrad front during Operation Barbarossa. In the dense forests and marshy terrain south of the city, Soviet forces had constructed formidable defensive lines along the Luga River supported by artillery, minefields, and repeated armored counterattacks. Under his direction the division fought through these positions in grueling close-quarters combat, securing the key town of Luga by late July despite heavy losses from sniper fire and determined Red Army resistance. By late August the unit captured Krasnogvardeisk, a vital road and rail junction that facilitated the German encirclement efforts around Leningrad. Krüger's calm coordination of infantry assaults, artillery barrages, and rapid exploitation of breakthroughs turned repeated stalemates into measurable advances, tying down large Soviet formations and contributing directly to the isolation of the city; for this leadership he received the Knight's Cross on 13 December 1941 as the 734th recipient.

In March 1943 Krüger took command of the SS-Panzergrenadier-Division Das Reich within II. SS-Panzerkorps and led it through the opening phases of Operation Citadel, the German offensive at Kursk. Amid torrential rains that transformed roads into quagmires and thick belts of forest bristling with anti-tank guns and bunkers, his grenadiers and panzers smashed through the first Soviet defensive line on 5 July in fierce hand-to-hand fighting under constant artillery and air attack. The second line fell the following day, enabling thrusts that seized villages such as Lutschki and Kalinin after bitter street battles. When strong Soviet tank waves threatened the open right flank, Krüger directed reserves from forward positions, wheeling his panzer regiment to strike the enemy armor in the flank and rear while defensive strongpoints absorbed the main assault; the division destroyed 212 Soviet tanks in the resulting melee and turned a potential rout into a local victory. Later actions on the Mius front saw his forces break through hilltop positions on 2 August, capture Stepanowka, pursue the retreating enemy across the river, destroy 26 tanks, and take 1,400 prisoners while restoring the German line. These achievements earned him the Oak Leaves on 31 August 1943 as the 286th recipient.

Krüger subsequently commanded IV. SS-Panzerkorps before serving as inspector general of Waffen-SS infantry troops and then taking charge of VI. SS-Freiwilligen-Armeekorps, composed largely of Latvian and Estonian volunteers, in the Courland Pocket. During the Third Battle of Courland in late December 1944 his sector faced a devastating Soviet artillery barrage followed by a breakthrough by the 19th Tank Corps that reached German artillery positions. Krüger committed his scant reserves into savage close-quarters fighting, thinned his own lines to free forces, and launched a counterattack with army-level reserves into the deep right flank of the penetration, relieving encircled troops in Trenci and sealing the gap overnight amid freezing snow. When another Soviet tank corps advanced through forest and swamp toward Lestene, he threw his final reserve—a Kampfgruppe from the 4. Panzer-Division—directly against the enemy main effort. Coordinated counterattacks across snow-covered terrain destroyed more than 100 Soviet tanks in running battles and re-established a continuous defensive line, blunting eleven days of assaults and preventing the collapse of the northern wing of 16. Armee. A telex from the army commander explicitly credited Krüger's unyielding personal leadership for the corps' success against vastly superior forces; for this he was awarded the Swords on 11 January 1945 as the 120th recipient. Surprised by Soviet troops while attempting to evade capture in a forest near Sulęcin on 22 May 1945, he ended his life rather than face imprisonment.



Source:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Krüger_(SS_general)
https://www.tracesofwar.com/persons/34579/Krüger-Walter-Waffen-SS.htm
https://grokipedia.com/page/Walter_Krüger_(SS_general)
https://www.lexikon-der-wehrmacht.de/
https://forum.axishistory.com/viewtopic.php?t=22259
https://en.namu.wiki/w/발터_크뤼거
https://www.geni.com/
https://rk.balsi.de/index.php?action=list&cat=300
https://www.unithistories.com/units_index/index.php?file=/officers/personsx.html
https://web.archive.org/web/20091027052912fw_/http://geocities.com/orion47.geo/index2.html
https://www.wehrmacht-awards.com/forums/