Generalfeldmarschall Robert Ritter von Greim (1892-1945)

Robert Ritter von Greim was born as Robert Greim on 22 June 1892 in Bayreuth in the Kingdom of Bavaria, a state of the German Empire, the son of a police captain. Greim was an army cadet from 1906 to 1911. He joined the Bavarian Army on 14 July 1911. After completion of officer training, he was posted to Bavaria's 8th Field Artillery Regiment on 29 October 1912 and commissioned as a Lieutenant (Leutnant) a year later, on 25 October 1913.

When World War One started in August 1914, he commanded a battery in fighting at the Battle of Lorraine and around Nancy, Epinal, Saint-Mihiel, and Camp des Romains in France. He became a battalion adjutant on 19 March 1915. On 10 August 1915, Greim transferred to the German Air Service (Fliegertruppe). On 10 October 1915, while flying two-seaters in FFA 3b as an artillery spotting observer, Greim claimed his first aerial victory: a Farman. He also served with FAA 204 over the Somme. After undergoing pilot training, Greim joined FA 46b on 22 February 1917. He transferred to Jagdstaffel 34 in April 1917. He scored a kill on 25 May 1917, and on the same day he received the Iron Cross First Class. On 19 June, he rose to command Jasta 34. Greim became an ace on 16 August 1917, when he shot down a Sopwith 1 1/2 Strutter. By 16 October, his victory tally totaled 7. There was a lull in his successes until February 1918. On the 11th, he had an unconfirmed victory and on the 18th he claimed aerial victory number 8.

On 21 March 1918, the day of his ninth credited victory, Greim became Commanding Officer of Jagdgruppe 10. He flew with them until at least 18 June, when he notched up his 15th success. On 27 June 1918, while Greim was engaging a Bristol Fighter, his aircraft lost its cowling. The departing cowling damaged his top wing, along with the lower left interplane strut, but Greim managed to land the machine successfully. By 7 August 1918 he was commanding Jagdgruppe 9, and scored his 16th victory. On 23 August, he cooperated with Vizefeldwebel Johan Putz in what was arguably the first successful assault by aircraft on armored tanks. On 27 September, he scored kill number 25 while flying with Jagdgruppe 9.

He returned to Jasta 34 in October 1918. The Jasta had been re-equipped with 'cast-offs' from Richthofen's Flying Circus, Jagdgeschwader 1. The new equipment was warmly welcomed as being superior to the older Albatros and Pfalz fighters that they had been previously equipped with. Greim's final three victories came during this time, while he was flying Albatros D.Vs, Fokker Triplanes, and Fokker D.VIIs. By the war's end he had scored 28 victories and had been awarded the Pour le Mérite on 8 October, as well as the Bavarian Military Order of Max Joseph (Militär-Max Joseph-Orden). This latter award made him a Knight (Ritter), and allowed him to add both this honorific title and the style 'von' to his name. Thus Robert Greim became Robert Ritter von Greim.

By 1919, Greim had returned to Bavaria and rejoined his regiment (8th Bavarian Artillery) and for 10 months ran the air postal station in Munich. This was the key turning point in his career, as in 1920 he flew the up-and-coming German army propaganda instructor Adolf Hitler to Berlin as an observer of the failed Kapp Putsch. Many other people from Hitler's years in Bavaria immediately after World War I also rose to prominence in the National Socialist era. Greim then focused on a new career in law and succeeded in passing Germany's rigorous law exams. However, Chiang Kai-shek's government offered him a job in Canton, to help to build a Chinese air force. Greim accepted the offer and took his family with him to China, where he founded a flying school and initiated measures for the development of an air force.

Upon his return to Germany, Greim joined the Nazi Party and took part in the 1923 putsch; as a convinced Nazi he "remained utterly committed to Hitler to the very end of the war".

In 1933, Hermann Göring invited Greim to help him to rebuild the German Air Force, and in 1934 he was appointed to command the first fighter pilot school, following the closure of the secret flying school established near the city of Lipetsk in the Soviet Union during the closing days of the Weimar Republic (Germany had been forbidden to have an air force under the terms of the Treaty of Versailles of 1919, so it had to train its pilots in secret.). In 1938, Greim assumed command of the Luftwaffe research department. Later, he was given command of Jagdgeschwader 132 (later JG 2), based in Döberitz, a fighter group named after Manfred von Richthofen.

After the end of the Polish Campaign, von Greim became commander of the 5th Fliegerkorps which participated in the Battle of Britain. In the early stages of this battle, von Greim was promoted to General der Flieger. In 1941, on the Eastern Front, his korps split up and renamed Sonderstab Krim. In April 1942 he became commander of Luftwaffenkommando Ost in Smolensk, as his korps replaced the 8th Fliegerkorps in the front area there. In February 1943, von Greim was given command of Luftflotte 6, which continued to support Army Group Centre in its operations. As part of Operation Citadel, von Greims Luftflotte provided 730 aircraft in July 1943. Due to high losses, by June 1944 only around 50 aircraft were operational!

In late 1942, his only son, Hubert Greim, a fighter pilot with 11./JG 2 was listed as missing in Tunisia. He was shot down, but bailed out and spent the remainder of the war in a prison camp in the United States.

As late as January 1945, von Greim made a commitment to Hitler: "I who believed in the Führer - and damn it, still believe in him. I can not become a traitor. Not me!"

On 26 April 1945, with Berlin encircled by Soviet forces during the Battle of Berlin, von Greim flew into Berlin from Rechlin with his mistress Hanna Reitsch, in response to an order from Hitler. Initially they flew from the central Luftwaffe test facility airfield, the Erprobungsstelle Rechlin to Gatow (a district of south-western Berlin) in a Focke Wulf 190. As the cockpit had room for only the pilot, Reitsch flew in the tail of the plane, getting into it by climbing through a small emergency opening. Having landed in Gatow, they changed planes to fly to the Chancellery; however, their Fieseler Storch was hit by anti-aircraft fire over the Grunewald. Greim was incapacitated by a bullet in the right foot, but Reitsch was able to reach the throttle and joystick to land on an improvised air strip in the Tiergarten, near the Brandenburg Gate.

Hitler promoted Greim from General to Generalfeldmarschall (Field Marshal), making him the last German officer ever to achieve that rank and appointed him as commander in chief of the Luftwaffe, to replace Hermann Göring, whom he had recently dismissed in absentia for treason. Greim thus became the second man to command the German Air Force during the Third Reich. However, with the end of the war in Europe fast approaching, his tenure as Oberbefehlshaber der Luftwaffe lasted only a few days.

On 28 April, Hitler ordered Ritter von Greim to leave Berlin and had Reitsch fly him to Plön, so that he could arrest Heinrich Himmler on the charge of treason. That night, the two left Berlin, taking off from the Tiergarten air strip in a small Arado Ar 96 aircraft. Soldiers of the Soviet 3rd Shock Army feared they had just seen Hitler escape. In a post-war interview, Reitsch said, "It was the blackest day when we could not die at our Führer's side. We should all kneel down in reverence and prayer before the altar of the Fatherland." When asked what the "Altar of the Fatherland" was, she responded: "Why, the Fuhrer's bunker in Berlin...."

On 8 May, the same day as the surrender of Germany, Greim was captured by American troops in Austria. His initial statement to his captors was reportedly "I am the head of the Luftwaffe, but I have no Luftwaffe". Greim committed suicide in prison in Salzburg on 24 May.

Source :
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Visit of Hitler to Heeresgruppe Weichsel (Army Group Vistula)

 

This photo was taken on 11 March 1945 when Adolf Hitler (Führer und Oberster Befehlshaber der Wehrmacht) inspected the Heeresgruppe Weichsel, and it is recorded as the Hitler's last visit to the front! He departed for Bad Freienwalde on the Oder. In a meeting with the commander of the 9th Army, Theodor Busse, the Führer emphasized to his officers to hold back the Russian troops across the Oder River for as long as possible until his latest ultimate weapon was ready (although Hitler himself did not specify what that weapon was!). For identification in this photo, standing around Hitler from left to right: General der Artillerie Wilhelm Berlin (General der Artillerie im Oberkommando des Heeres und Kommandierender General CI. Armeekorps), Generaloberst Robert Ritter von Greim (Chef Luftflotte 6), Generalmajor Franz Reuß (Kommandeur 4. Flieger-Division), General der Flakartillerie Job Odebrecht (Kommandierender General II. Flakkorps), General der Infanterie Theodor Busse (Oberbefehlshaber 9. Armee), and SS-Gruppenführer und Generalleutnant der Waffen-SS Heinz Lammerding (Chef des Generalstabes Heeresgruppe Weichsel)

On March 11, 1945, as the noose of the Soviet Red Army tightened around the remnants of Nazi Germany’s Eastern Front defenses, Adolf Hitler undertook what would become his final journey away from the Reich Chancellery in Berlin to visit the forward command elements of Heeresgruppe Weichsel, the army group hastily formed to shield the approaches to the German capital. The destination was Schloss Freienwalde, a stately palace in the town of Bad Freienwalde along the Oder River, roughly sixty kilometers northeast of Berlin and serving as a discreet headquarters for units of the Ninth Army. This excursion, conducted under conditions of strict secrecy and by motorcade rather than aircraft to minimize exposure to Soviet air reconnaissance, represented a last personal effort by the Führer to rally his commanders, assess the collapsing Oder line, and project unyielding resolve in the face of imminent catastrophe. The meeting, preserved in a now-restored historical photograph depicting Hitler seated at a table strewn with operational maps while surrounded by his senior officers, captured a moment of desperate strategic deliberation amid the final weeks of the Third Reich.

The broader military context for this visit was one of unrelenting disaster for German forces. Following the devastating Soviet Vistula-Oder Offensive launched in January 1945, which had swept through Poland and driven the Wehrmacht back across the Oder River in a matter of weeks, Hitler had ordered the creation of Heeresgruppe Weichsel on January 24 as a new formation to consolidate the northern sector of the Eastern Front. Command was entrusted not to a seasoned professional soldier but to Heinrich Himmler, the Reichsführer-SS, reflecting Hitler’s growing preference for ideological loyalists over traditional generals and his belief that fanaticism could compensate for material shortages. By early March, however, the army group—comprising the Third Panzer Army, Ninth Army, and Eleventh Army along with various ad-hoc formations—was stretched to the breaking point. Manpower was critically depleted, with divisions often reduced to regimental strength; ammunition, fuel, and heavy weapons were in short supply; and Soviet bridgeheads across the Oder, particularly around Küstrin, threatened to erupt into a full-scale breakthrough toward Berlin at any moment. Just one day after Hitler’s visit, on March 12, Soviet forces of the 1st Belorussian Front under Marshal Georgy Zhukov would capture Küstrin, further exposing the fragility of the German positions. The Ninth Army, commanded by General der Infanterie Theodor Busse, bore the brunt of the central sector’s defense, facing overwhelming Soviet artillery barrages and armored superiority while attempting to fortify makeshift lines with whatever reserves could be scraped together from retreating units and Volkssturm militias.

Hitler’s motorcade departed Berlin in the morning of March 11, traveling along roads that had been cleared of unnecessary traffic and placed under heightened security to prevent any disruption or intelligence leaks. Upon arrival at Schloss Freienwalde, he was greeted by a small but select group of commanders who had been summoned for the situation conference. Prominent among them were General Theodor Busse, whose Ninth Army headquarters elements hosted the meeting; Generaloberst Robert Ritter von Greim, the highly decorated Luftwaffe officer who would soon be appointed the last Commander-in-Chief of the Luftwaffe; Generalmajor Franz Reuss, commanding the 4th Flieger Division responsible for air support operations; and General Job Odebrecht, another Luftwaffe general involved in coordinating flak and fighter assets for the Oder front. The officers stood clustered around large-scale maps spread across a table in one of the palace’s rooms, their uniforms bearing the Iron Crosses, Knight’s Crosses, and other decorations earned through years of brutal combat, while Hitler, dressed in his plain field-gray tunic with black trousers and polished boots, leaned forward in his chair to examine the dispositions. The photograph of this scene, originally grainy and faded from wartime processing, now appears in crystal-clear 4K detail after restoration, revealing every facial expression, the texture of the wool uniforms, the gleam of medals, and the intricate lines on the maps with the sharpness of a modern professional DSLR capture.

According to accounts of the conference, Busse opened with a candid briefing on the tactical realities confronting Heeresgruppe Weichsel. He detailed the Soviet concentrations opposite the Ninth Army, the exhaustion of German troops after months of continuous withdrawal and counterattacks, the critical lack of armored reserves following transfers to other sectors, and the devastating impact of Red Army artillery that could deliver thousands of shells per kilometer of front. Von Greim and the other Luftwaffe officers contributed assessments of available air assets, noting that fuel shortages and Allied bombing had reduced the once-mighty Luftwaffe to sporadic sorties by jet prototypes and night fighters, with little prospect of sustained close air support. Hitler listened intently, his left hand trembling noticeably from the effects of Parkinson’s disease and the cumulative strain of the war, yet he maintained a composed demeanor. In response, he delivered a characteristically fervent monologue, insisting that the Oder line must be held at all costs. He spoke of imminent “wonder weapons” that would soon enter mass production and deployment—vague references to advanced jet aircraft like the Me 262, improved V-2 rockets, or even rumored experimental technologies—claiming they would inflict catastrophic losses on the Soviets and allow Germany to regain the initiative. He deliberately withheld specifics, perhaps to preserve morale or because the projects themselves were still mired in delays and resource shortages. The generals, aware of the growing disconnect between Hitler’s optimism and the battlefield facts, nonetheless responded with formal assurances of loyalty and determination, a reflection of the atmosphere of obedience that still prevailed even as defeat loomed.

The conference extended for several hours, blending operational discussion with Hitler’s broader strategic exhortations about the need to tie down Soviet forces and buy time for reinforcements or political developments on the Western Front. No major new directives emerged from the meeting; instead, it served primarily as a morale-boosting exercise and a means for Hitler to demonstrate his personal engagement with the troops. By afternoon, the entourage returned to Berlin via the same cautious route, with Hitler retreating once more into the protective confines of the Führerbunker. This journey marked the absolute end of his frontline visits; never again would he leave the capital or directly inspect his armies in the field. Within days, the pressure on Heeresgruppe Weichsel escalated dramatically. Himmler, whose command had proven ineffective amid his own health problems and lack of military expertise, was relieved on March 20 and replaced by Generaloberst Gotthard Heinrici, a more pragmatic defender who would orchestrate the final, futile stand along the Oder and Seelow Heights. The Soviet Berlin Offensive, launched in mid-April, would shatter these defenses, leading to the encirclement of Berlin and the regime’s collapse.

The restored photograph from the Schloss Freienwalde conference stands today as one of the most evocative images of the war’s closing phase. It shows Hitler in profile, his mustache and slicked hair sharply defined, gazing toward the maps while Busse and the Luftwaffe generals lean in attentively, their faces etched with the fatigue and gravity of men who understood the odds. The lighting and contrast have been balanced to modern standards, eliminating every trace of dust, scratches, and chemical degradation from the original print, yet the historical authenticity remains untouched—no expressions altered, no proportions changed. It is as though the moment was photographed yesterday with contemporary equipment, yet it still depicts the exact individuals, poses, and tense atmosphere of that March day in 1945.

This photo was taken on 11 March 1945 when Adolf Hitler (Führer und Oberster Befehlshaber der Wehrmacht) inspected the Heeresgruppe Weichsel, and it is recorded as the Hitler's last visit to the front! He departed for Bad Freienwalde on the Oder. In a meeting with the commander of the 9th Army, Theodor Busse, the Führer emphasized to his officers to hold back the Russian troops across the Oder River for as long as possible until his latest ultimate weapon was ready (although Hitler himself did not specify what that weapon was!). For identification in this photo, standing around Hitler from left to right: General der Artillerie Wilhelm Berlin (General der Artillerie im Oberkommando des Heeres und Kommandierender General CI. Armeekorps), Generaloberst Robert Ritter von Greim (Chef Luftflotte 6), Generalmajor Franz Reuß (Kommandeur 4. Flieger-Division), General der Flakartillerie Job Odebrecht (Kommandierender General II. Flakkorps), and General der Infanterie Theodor Busse (Oberbefehlshaber 9. Armee).

This photo was taken on 11 March 1945 when Adolf Hitler (Führer und Oberster Befehlshaber der Wehrmacht) inspected the Heeresgruppe Weichsel, and it is recorded as the Hitler's last visit to the front! He departed for Bad Freienwalde on the Oder. In a meeting with the commander of the 9th Army, Theodor Busse, the Führer emphasized to his officers to hold back the Russian troops across the Oder River for as long as possible until his latest ultimate weapon was ready (although Hitler himself did not specify what that weapon was!). For identification in this photo, standing around Hitler from left to right: Generaloberst Robert Ritter von Greim (Chef Luftflotte 6), Generalmajor Franz Reuß (Kommandeur 4. Flieger-Division), General der Flakartillerie Job Odebrecht (Kommandierender General II. Flakkorps), and General der Infanterie Theodor Busse (Oberbefehlshaber 9. Armee).

Source :
https://alifrafikkhan.blogspot.com/2014/08/foto-adolf-hitler-di-tahun-1945.html
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_Group_Vistula

Oberstleutnant Kurt Bühligen (1917-1985)

Kurt Bühligen was a Luftwaffe wing commander and fighter ace of Nazi Germany during World War II. He was credited with 112 enemy aircraft shot down in over 700 combat missions. His victories were all claimed over the Western Front and included 24 four-engine bombers and 47 Supermarine Spitfire fighters. He rose from an aircraft mechanic to Geschwaderkommodore of the elite Jagdgeschwader 2 Richthofen, earning the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords while leading intense defensive operations against the Royal Air Force and the United States Army Air Forces in the skies over France, the English Channel, and North Africa.

Born on 13 December 1917 in Granschütz in the Province of Saxony of the German Empire, Bühligen was the son of a pipefitter. After completing an apprenticeship as a locksmith he volunteered for military service in the Luftwaffe on 13 March 1936 with the Flieger-Ersatz-Abteilung in Oschatz. He first served as an aircraft mechanic with Kampfgeschwader 153 from September 1937 until February 1938 and then with Kampfgeschwader 4 until April 1939. When World War II broke out he began pilot training and was posted on 15 June 1940 as an Unteroffizier to the 2. Staffel of I. Gruppe of Jagdgeschwader 2 Richthofen, flying the Messerschmitt Bf 109. His first aerial victory came on 4 September 1940 when he shot down a Hawker Hurricane over Dover during the Battle of Britain. He was soon transferred to 6. Staffel of II. Gruppe where he often flew as wingman and claimed additional Hurricanes and Spitfires in September and October.

In the summer of 1941 II. Gruppe moved to Abbeville-Drucat and faced the RAF Fighter Command's relentless Circus operations over northern France. On 21 June 1941 alone Bühligen claimed three Spitfires in a single afternoon of furious combat over Boulogne and Hardelot, diving through British formations at high speed and using precise cannon bursts to send the fighters spinning down in flames or trailing smoke. He added seven more Spitfires in July and August while flying with 4. Staffel and then six further victories with the Geschwaderstab, including a Hurricane and five Spitfires. These successes, together with fifteen tethered balloons destroyed, brought his total to twenty-one confirmed aerial victories and earned him the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross on 4 September 1941 while still an Oberfeldwebel. He was also awarded the Iron Cross 2nd Class on 10 September 1940, the Iron Cross 1st Class on 29 October 1940, and the Luftwaffe Honour Goblet on 1 August 1941.

Promoted to Leutnant on 1 January 1942, Bühligen took command of 4. Staffel of II. Gruppe in April 1942 after the unit converted to the Focke-Wulf Fw 190. During the Dieppe Raid on 19 August 1942 he claimed four Spitfires in one day as the Gruppe scored twenty-six victories overall, weaving through flak and fighter screens at low altitude over the French coast. In November 1942 II. Gruppe was rushed to the Mediterranean Theatre following Operation Torch. Operating from Sicily and Tunisia with the Fw 190 A-3 and A-4, Bühligen claimed his first victory there on 3 December 1942 south of Tebourba and two Lockheed P-38 Lightnings on 26 December during an interception of Boeing B-17 bombers attacking Bizerte. His acting Gruppenkommandeur recommended him for preferential promotion, and on 1 February 1943 he became Oberleutnant after approval by General der Flieger Bruno Loerzer and Field Marshal Albert Kesselring.

In the bitter fighting over Tunisia Bühligen achieved ace-in-a-day status on 2 February 1943 by downing four Curtiss P-40 Warhawks and one Bell P-39 Airacobra near Kairouan in rapid succession, followed by four more Spitfires on 3 February alone. By early February he reached his fiftieth victory amid swirling dogfights against Allied fighter-bombers protecting ground advances. He was awarded the German Cross in Gold on 25 June 1943 as Leutnant and promoted to Hauptmann on 1 May 1943. Returning to the Channel Front in March 1943 he was appointed Kommandeur of II. Gruppe in April 1943. Flying high-altitude intercepts against massive USAAF bomber streams protected by P-47 Thunderbolts, he claimed a series of Herausschuss victories including B-17s and B-24 Liberators, reaching ninety-six confirmed kills by 18 March 1944 when he destroyed a straggling B-24 south-southwest of Forges. This milestone brought him the Knight's Cross with Oak Leaves on 2 March 1944, the 413th such award.

On 28 April 1944 Bühligen succeeded Major Kurt Ubben as Geschwaderkommodore of JG 2, initially as Major and soon promoted to Oberstleutnant on 1 October 1944. The Normandy invasion on 6 June 1944 plunged the Geschwader into desperate low-level combat. At 11:57 that day he opened the unit's account by shooting down a P-47 Thunderbolt over the Orne Estuary. On 7 June he claimed two more P-47s north of Caen, the second marking his 100th victory. In the smoke-filled skies over the bocage he added three kills on 5 July near Bernay and Dreux, two Thunderbolts and a North American P-51 Mustang, pushing his score to 104. These actions in swirling, treetop-height dogfights against overwhelming Allied fighter-bombers earned him the Swords to the Knight's Cross on 14 August 1944, the 88th award overall. He was later transferred toward the Eastern Front where engine failure forced an emergency landing behind Soviet lines in May 1945. Taken prisoner, he remained in Soviet captivity until his release in 1950.

After the war Bühligen settled in Nidda, Hesse, where he worked in automotive sales until his death on 11 August 1985. Throughout his career he had been shot down three times and had flown more than 700 missions, ending as one of the last commanders of the legendary Richthofen Geschwader. His record of 112 victories, achieved entirely on the Western and Mediterranean fronts without any claims on the Eastern Front, stood as a testament to his skill in both the Bf 109 and Fw 190 against ever-improving Allied opposition.

Sources:
W. P. Fellgiebel, Elite of the Third Reich, Helion & Company Limited, Solihull, 2003.
F. Kurowski, Knight's Cross Holders of the Afrikakorps, Schiffer Publishing Ltd., Atglen, 1996.
E. Obermaier, Die Ritterkreuzträger der Luftwaffe, Hoffmann, 1989.
K. Patzwall & V. Scherzer, Das Deutsche Kreuz 1941-1945, Band II, Verlag Klaus D. Patzwall, Norderstedt, 2001.
A. Kwasny & G. Kwasny, Die Eichenlaubträger 1940-1945 (CD), Deutsches Wehrkundearchiv, Lage-Waddenhausen, 2001.
F. Berger, Mit Eichenlaub und Schwertern, Die höchstdekorierten Soldaten des Zweiten Weltkrieges, Selbstverlag Florian Berger, 2006.
Die Ordensträger der Deutschen Wehrmacht (CD), VMD-Verlag GmbH, Osnabrück, 2002.
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https://rk.balsi.de/index.php?action=list&cat=300
https://www.unithistories.com/units_index/index.php?file=/officers/personsx.html
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SS-Obergruppenführer Felix Steiner (1896-1966)

Felix Martin Julius Steiner was a German SS commander during the Second World War who rose to the rank of SS-Obergruppenführer und General der Waffen-SS and became one of the most prominent leaders in the multinational volunteer formations of the Waffen-SS. Born on 23 May 1896 in Stallupönen in East Prussia, a region now part of modern Russia, he grew up immersed in the Prussian military tradition and entered the Royal Prussian Army as an infantry cadet in March 1914. His early service in the First World War took him through the brutal fighting on the Western Front where he distinguished himself repeatedly, earning the Iron Cross Second Class in October 1914 and the First Class in November 1917 while also receiving the Wound Badge in Black for injuries sustained in 1918. After the armistice Steiner joined the Freikorps in Memel and participated in the suppression of communist uprisings during the German Revolution of 1919 before being integrated into the Reichswehr in 1921. He advanced steadily through the ranks of the small professional army of the Weimar Republic, reaching the position of major by 1933 when he retired from regular service and briefly served in the Landespolizei. In January 1934 he joined the Nazi Party with membership number 4,264,295 and shortly afterward transferred to the SS with the number 253,351, beginning a new phase of his career that would see him shape some of the most elite and controversial units of the Third Reich. A devout Evangelical by upbringing, Steiner remained unmarried throughout his life and had no children, devoting himself entirely to his military vocation.

Steiner’s entry into the SS-Verfügungstruppe in 1935 quickly propelled him through the ranks as he demonstrated exceptional organizational talent and a modern approach to training. By June 1936 he commanded the SS-Standarte Deutschland, transforming it into a highly disciplined motorized regiment known for its aggressive tactics and esprit de corps. When the Second World War erupted in September 1939 his regiment spearheaded the SS-Verfügungs-Division through the Invasion of Poland, earning him the Clasps to both classes of the Iron Cross within weeks. The real test came during the Battle of France in 1940 when Steiner’s men were tasked with the rapid capture of the Zeeland islands in the Netherlands. Under constant enemy fire he personally directed a lightning three-day thrust westward to Vlissingen, coordinating infantry assaults with Stuka dive-bomber support while his soldiers waded through waist-deep water at the Beveland Canal and stormed fortified French positions in savage hand-to-hand combat along the narrow causeway. The regiment cleared two major defensive lines and took thousands of prisoners, isolating Allied forces and contributing decisively to the collapse of resistance in the region. For this masterful leadership and personal bravery at the front Steiner was awarded the Knight’s Cross of the Iron Cross on 15 August 1940, one of the earliest such decorations granted to a Waffen-SS officer, cementing his reputation as a bold and innovative commander who could achieve rapid victories even against determined opposition.

Following the French campaign Heinrich Himmler personally selected Steiner to form and lead a new division that would embody the Waffen-SS ideal of a multinational elite force. On 1 December 1940 he assumed command of what became the SS-Division Wiking, a motorized formation initially built around the Germania regiment and later reinforced with Scandinavian, Dutch, Flemish and Baltic volunteers. The division crossed into the Soviet Union on 22 June 1941 as part of Army Group South and fought its way through Tarnopol and across the Dnieper River toward Dnepropetrovsk amid ferocious Soviet counterattacks. Through the muddy autumn and the brutal winter of 1941-1942 Steiner kept the formation cohesive despite heavy losses, repulsing repeated Red Army assaults on the Mius River line where one regiment alone suffered fifty percent casualties yet held its ground. In the summer of 1942 Wiking participated in the capture of Rostov-on-Don and then raced across the steppes into the Caucasus, reaching the Terek River in September. There Steiner ordered a daring river crossing under intense artillery fire, after which his panzergrenadiers and attached tanks battled for weeks in the rugged foothills around Mosdok and Alagir, holding mountain ridges against wave after wave of Soviet infantry in freezing nights and close-quarter fighting. The division’s deep penetration to the southernmost point of the German advance and its tenacious defense of the Terek bridgehead earned Steiner the German Cross in Gold in April 1942 and ultimately the Oak Leaves to the Knight’s Cross on 23 December 1942 while he was still commanding the now redesignated 5th SS-Panzergrenadier Division Wiking.

In April 1943 Steiner relinquished direct command of Wiking to take charge of the newly formed III (Germanic) SS Panzer Corps, a larger combined-arms formation that incorporated Nordic and Western European volunteer units including Nordland, Nederland, Wallonien and Langemarck. After initial anti-partisan operations in Yugoslavia the corps was rushed to the Leningrad front in late 1943 where it faced the Soviet 2nd Shock Army. On 13 January 1944 the Red Army unleashed a massive artillery barrage followed by overwhelming infantry and tank assaults that shattered several Luftwaffe field divisions, yet Steiner’s SS troops conducted a disciplined fighting withdrawal over 150 miles westward, reaching the Narva River just ahead of the pursuers. He immediately established a bridgehead on the eastern bank while positioning artillery inside the city itself on the western side, turning the narrow strip of land and the subsequent Tannenberg Line in the Blue Hills of Sinimäe into a formidable fortress. For six months Soviet attacks came daily, often hourly, supported by hundreds of tanks and endless waves of infantry; Steiner shifted his multinational battalions like a chess master, launching precise counterattacks to retake lost heights and channeling the enemy into killing zones in the marshy forested terrain. At one critical point a single reconnaissance company of Nordland destroyed forty-eight Soviet tanks in a single engagement while the defenders held against overwhelming odds, stalling the Red Army’s drive on the Baltic for half a year. These epic defensive battles earned Steiner promotion to SS-Obergruppenführer und General der Waffen-SS in July 1943 and the Swords to the Knight’s Cross on 10 August 1944, the eighty-sixth recipient of this highest grade.

By late 1944 Steiner’s corps was withdrawn from the Baltic and reassigned to the Eleventh SS Panzer Army under Army Group Vistula, though the army existed largely on paper and his forces were soon placed in reserve with the Third Panzer Army. In January 1945 he briefly commanded the Eleventh SS Panzer Army before it was inactivated near the Oder River. During the final Soviet Berlin Offensive in April 1945 Adolf Hitler personally designated the remnants of Steiner’s units as Army Detachment Steiner and ordered an ambitious pincer attack northward from Eberswalde against the flank of Marshal Zhukov’s 1st Belorussian Front. Assembling a motley force that included the 4th SS Panzergrenadier Division Polizei, the 5th Jäger Division and the 25th Panzergrenadier Division, Steiner assessed the situation with brutal realism during a conference at the Führerbunker on 22 April. With only two understrength battalions available, virtually no heavy weapons and no prospect of adequate support, he informed his superiors that the planned counterattack was militarily impossible and refused to launch what he viewed as a suicidal operation. Hitler’s subsequent outburst, declaring the war lost and his intention to remain in Berlin, marked a dramatic turning point, yet Steiner’s pragmatic stance preserved what little remained of his command and prevented further pointless slaughter in the final days of the Reich.

After Germany’s capitulation on 8 May 1945 Steiner was taken into British captivity and held until his release in 1948 following investigations that ultimately dropped any war-crimes charges against him at the Nuremberg proceedings. In the postwar years he became a founding member of the HIAG veterans’ organization and emerged as one of its most influential figures, advocating for the rehabilitation of former Waffen-SS soldiers while distancing himself from the most fanatical elements of the Nazi regime. He authored two widely read memoirs, Die Freiwilligen der Waffen-SS: Idee und Opfergang in 1958 and Die Armee der Geächteten in 1963, in which he defended the combat record of the multinational SS divisions and portrayed their soldiers as idealistic volunteers rather than ideological fanatics. Living quietly in Munich, Steiner suffered from declining health and died of heart failure on 12 May 1966 at the age of seventy. His legacy remains complex: revered by some as a brilliant tactician who forged effective multinational units under extreme conditions, yet condemned by others for his senior role in an organization deeply implicated in the crimes of the Nazi regime.

Source:
https://www.lexikon-der-wehrmacht.de/
https://en.wikipedia.org/
https://www.tracesofwar.com/
https://grokipedia.com/
https://rk.balsi.de/index.php?action=list&cat=300
https://www.unithistories.com/units_index/index.php?file=/officers/personsx.html
https://web.archive.org/web/20091027052912fw_/http://geocities.com/orion47.geo/index2.html
https://forum.axishistory.com/
https://www.wehrmacht-awards.com/forums/
https://www.bundesarchiv.de/en/
https://www.geni.com/
https://books.google.com/
https://ww2gravestone.com/people/steiner-felix-martin/
Felix Steiner, Die Armee der Geächteten (1963)
Felix Steiner, Die Freiwilligen der Waffen-SS: Idee und Opfergang (1958)

General der Panzertruppe Walter Fries (1894-1982)

Walter Fries was a German general in the Wehrmacht of Nazi Germany during World War II who rose to the rank of General der Panzertruppe and commanded both divisional and corps-level formations with distinction on the Eastern Front and in Italy. Born on 22 April 1894 in Gusternhain in Hesse, he died on 6 August 1982 in Weilburg an der Lahn at the age of eighty-eight. Fries earned the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords through a combination of aggressive breakthroughs in Russia in 1941 and tenacious defensive leadership against overwhelming Allied forces later in the war. His career spanned service in the Imperial Army, the police forces of the Weimar Republic, and finally the Heer, where his personal bravery and tactical skill repeatedly inspired his troops under fire.

Fries began his military path as a one-year volunteer on 1 October 1912 with the Füsilier-Regiment von Gersdorff in the Prussian Army, completing his basic training before entering the reserves. Mobilized at the outbreak of the First World War on 3 August 1914, he joined the 2nd Nassau Infantry Regiment No. 88 and saw action in the Battle of the Marne that year before transferring to the Eastern Front. There he served as a company commander, later leading units in the Reserve Infantry Regiment No. 253 and the Landwehr Infantry Regiment No. 83 until the armistice. Wounded in combat and decorated with both classes of the Iron Cross as well as the Wound Badge in Black, he left active service as a reserve lieutenant on 3 December 1918.

After the war Fries transitioned into the Schutzpolizei, beginning as a police commissioner candidate in Kassel on 9 January 1919 before moving to the uniformed force in September of that year. He completed an abbreviated officers' course in 1922 and rose steadily through the ranks, serving in Cologne from 1926 and later as adjutant of the state police detachment in Frankfurt am Main. By 1934 he held the rank of police major and worked in the southwest inspection. On 16 March 1936 he transferred to the expanding Wehrmacht as a major, initially joining the staff of the 34th Infantry Division and then taking command of the II Battalion of Infantry Regiment 15 in October of the same year. In this role he led his battalion through the Polish campaign and the Western campaign of 1940, earning clasps to both his 1914 Iron Crosses.

Promoted to Oberstleutnant in 1938 and then to Oberst on 1 March 1941, Fries assumed command of the motorized Infantry Regiment 87 on 15 November 1940. The unit formed part of the 29th Infantry Division and participated in Operation Barbarossa from June 1941 with Army Group Center. His regiment spearheaded rapid advances that included the swift seizure of Pskov, followed by intense assaults on the fortified Duderhof Heights guarding the approaches to Leningrad. Under Fries' direct leadership from the front, his grenadiers stormed the steep ridges amid heavy Soviet artillery and machine-gun fire, breaking through the inner and outer defensive belts in savage close-quarters fighting and enabling German panzers to threaten the city gates. Later, his troops pierced the strongly defended Nemoschtschenaja position near the Valdai Hills in driving rain and mud, opening the corridor for a swift advance toward Kalinin and contributing to the broader offensive that nearly reached Moscow. For these achievements, which the official citation described as decisive for corps operations and inspired by his constant presence under fire, Fries received the Knight's Cross on 14 December 1941 as the 721st recipient in the Heer.

After a brief stint in the Führerreserve and as commander of a training staff at the Döberitz Infantry School, Fries took charge of the 29th Infantry Division on 1 March 1943, which was redesignated the 29th Panzergrenadier Division two months later and rushed to Sicily. There he directed mobile rearguard actions and ambushes against the Allied invasion amid constant air attacks, then led the division onto the mainland for the desperate fighting at Salerno in September 1943. His panzergrenadiers held river lines and olive groves against naval gunfire and superior numbers, launching fierce counterattacks that stabilized the front. Shifting to mountain warfare in the Reinhard Line and around Cassino by late 1943, the division repelled repeated Allied probes in freezing rain and snow while Fries remained forward with his foremost troops, personally directing fire and rallying exhausted men. These actions, praised by Field Marshal Kesselring as unparalleled in the rugged terrain, earned Fries promotion to Generalleutnant on 1 January 1944 and the Oak Leaves to his Knight's Cross on 29 January 1944 as the 378th recipient.

In the summer of 1944 Fries' division anchored the Trasimeno Line west of Lake Trasimeno, where it cooperated with airborne and infantry formations to block repeated Allied armored thrusts in rolling hills and marshy ground. His troops inflicted heavy losses in hand-to-hand combat inside burning villages and repeatedly regained ground through bold counterattacks launched on his personal orders. South of Florence the division continued its economy-of-force defense against the British Eighth Army, fending off waves of tanks and infantry under constant aerial bombardment while executing flexible maneuvers that shattered enemy momentum. The official citation for the Swords, awarded on 11 August 1944 as the 87th recipient, highlighted how Fries' skillful leadership and fanatical example at every crisis point forced his will upon numerically superior forces and inspired superhuman efforts from his grenadiers. After handing over the division he briefly commanded the XXXXVI Panzer Corps from September 1944 to January 1945 in heavy fighting around Warsaw, where he ordered a tactical withdrawal against higher directives. Relieved of command and placed before a court-martial in March 1945, he was acquitted despite demands for the death penalty and received no further assignment.

Captured by Allied forces on 8 May 1945, Fries spent two years in prisoner-of-war camps before his release on 30 June 1947. He lived quietly in Hesse for the remainder of his life, never seeking further public attention for his wartime service. His decorations also included the German Cross in Gold, the Eastern Front Medal, and multiple long-service awards from both the police and the Wehrmacht. Fries' career exemplified the transition from reserve officer to high-ranking panzer general, marked by consistent frontline leadership that turned potential disasters into prolonged resistance against overwhelming odds.


Source :
Source :
https://www.alexautographs.com/auction-lot/walter-fries_C724E42AA3
https://www.ebay.de/itm/394203564490?hash=item5bc85d09ca:g:qfMAAOSwzIVi-7qm
https://www.oocities.org/~orion47/WEHRMACHT/HEER/General/FRIES_WALTER.html

SS-Gruppenführer Hermann Fegelein (1906-1945)

Hermann Fegelein, born Hans Georg Otto Hermann Fegelein on 30 October 1906 in Ansbach in the Kingdom of Bavaria within the German Empire, was a high-ranking commander in the Waffen-SS during the Nazi era who rose to prominence through a combination of equestrian expertise, frontline combat leadership and close personal ties to the inner circle of Adolf Hitler. He commanded cavalry formations on the Eastern Front, participated in brutal anti-partisan operations and later served as Heinrich Himmler's liaison officer at the Führerbunker in Berlin. Fegelein married Gretl Braun, sister of Hitler's mistress Eva Braun, in June 1944, which further elevated his status within the regime. His military career included notable bravery that earned him Germany's highest decorations, yet it ended in disgrace when he was arrested, court-martialed and executed by firing squad on 28 April 1945 in the Reich Chancellery gardens for desertion as Soviet forces tightened their grip on the capital. Fegelein had one younger brother, Waldemar, and his father Hans ran a prominent riding school that shaped his early passion for horses, though details of his mother remain scarce in historical records.

Fegelein's path into the military began in the interwar period when he enlisted in the Reiter-Regiment 17 of the Reichswehr in 1925 at the age of eighteen. By 1933 he transferred to the SS with the number 66 680 and the NSDAP membership number 1 200 158, quickly advancing through ranks due to his riding skills. He led the Reiter-SS equestrian group, organized events for the 1936 Berlin Olympic Games and became head of the Haupt-Reitschule München in 1937. These early roles blended sportsmanship with paramilitary training, earning him various civilian and party awards including the German Olympic Honor Badge First Class and the German Riding Badge in Gold. When war broke out in 1939 Fegelein commanded the SS-Totenkopf-Reiterstandarte during the Polish campaign, where his unit operated from Warsaw and engaged in security duties that foreshadowed the more ruthless operations to come. In 1940 he saw action in Belgium and France with the SS-Verfügungstruppe before being reassigned to the East in 1941, first with reconnaissance elements attached to the 87th Infantry Division near Białystok and then taking charge of SS-Kavallerie-Regiment 1.

The brutal realities of the Eastern Front transformed Fegelein into a seasoned combat leader during Operation Barbarossa. In 1941 his brigade played a central role in the large-scale sweeps through the Pripyat Marshes, where mounted SS troopers conducted mass executions of suspected partisans and civilians under direct orders aimed at securing the rear areas for advancing German armies. These actions involved riding through swampy terrain, setting ambushes and coordinating with infantry to encircle villages, often resulting in thousands of deaths in what later historians described as early genocidal warfare tactics. By late 1941 Fegelein had risen to command the full SS-Kavallerie-Brigade, which was thrown into the defensive meat grinder northwest of Rzhev as part of the 9th Army in Army Group Center. The winter of 1941-1942 brought blizzards, temperatures plunging to minus forty degrees and Soviet assaults that turned the landscape into a frozen wasteland of snowdrifts and icy trenches, where horses and men alike struggled to move yet Fegelein maintained mobility through skillful use of mounted patrols and rapid counterattacks.

Fegelein's leadership at Rzhev directly secured his first major decoration when, in January and February 1942, wave after wave of Red Army infantry and cavalry hammered the German lines north of Malo Nikolskoye, Polovino, Saizewo, Dmitrowo and Sokolowo. On 5 February 1942 he personally directed a lightning assault that encircled elements of the Soviet 381st Rifle Division at Chertolino, with his troopers charging through deep snow in close-quarters fighting to overrun positions, seize a critical road junction and capture the railway station supplying the enemy spearhead. Nine days later, on 14 February, his regiments stormed the village of Yershovo under artillery barrages, sealing the pocket and annihilating trapped Soviet units in hand-to-hand combat amid burning buildings and drifting smoke. Through relentless personal bravery, iron discipline and clever exploitation of cavalry speed even in arctic conditions, Fegelein prevented any decisive breakthrough, stabilized the entire sector for the 9th Army and inflicted devastating losses on the attackers, actions that earned him the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross on 2 March 1942 as SS-Standartenführer der Reserve.

By December 1942 Fegelein was rushed south to command an ad-hoc Kampfgruppe in the great bend of the Don River during the Soviet winter offensive following Stalingrad. In one of the most audacious operations of his career, on 20 December he led a tiny reconnaissance force consisting of himself, an Oberscharführer and just two Sturmgeschütze assault guns deep behind enemy lines through snow-covered steppe shrouded in darkness and fog. The group surprised an entire Soviet corps headquarters, bursting into the command post in a short, sharp firefight that captured the commanding general, his chief of staff, several senior officers and the full staff intact along with operational maps, orders and two additional assault guns. This spectacular coup decapitated Soviet command in the sector, plunged the enemy offensive into immediate chaos and bought vital time for German defenses to hold, even though Fegelein himself was wounded by a sniper the same day. The strategic impact and sheer boldness of the raid resulted in the award of the Oak Leaves to his Knight's Cross on 22 December 1942.

As commander of the newly formed 8th SS Cavalry Division Florian Geyer throughout 1943, Fegelein orchestrated a series of grueling anti-partisan sweeps and defensive battles that culminated in his final decoration. In May through July his horsemen cleared dense forests and marshes southwest of Gomel during Operations Weichsel, Zeithen and Seydlitz, riding at dawn to encircle partisan bands, burning hideouts and securing supply routes with ruthless efficiency amid ambushes and hand-to-hand clashes. Transferred to the blazing Kharkov sector in August, the division repelled furious Soviet tank and infantry assaults near Bespalovka and Bolshaya Gomolsha on 26 August in savage close combat. On 8 September Fegelein personally directed a fierce counterattack that recaptured the dominating Hill 199.0 at Verkhniy Bishkin under heavy artillery fire, his men storming the slopes through smoke and explosions to restore the line. Even after sustaining a serious wound to his left arm on 13 September while fighting for Hill 208.5, he refused evacuation until the position was secured. These repeated defensive victories and captures of enemy personnel and equipment were cited when the Swords to his Knight's Cross with Oak Leaves were awarded on 30 July 1944.

After his wounding in September 1943 Fegelein was reassigned to a staff role as Himmler's liaison officer at Hitler's headquarters, where he became a fixture in the shrinking inner circle of the Führerbunker by early 1944. His marriage to Gretl Braun on 3 June 1944 in Salzburg and the birth of their daughter Eva Barbara on 5 May 1945 tied him inextricably to the Braun family and Hitler's personal life. Yet as the Soviet offensive closed on Berlin in April 1945 Fegelein attempted to flee the capital, leading to his arrest on 28 April, immediate demotion and a summary court-martial ordered by Hitler himself. Executed by SS firing squad in the Reich Chancellery garden that same evening, his death symbolized the collapsing discipline of the regime in its final days. Fegelein left behind a legacy of combat skill intertwined with the atrocities of the Eastern Front campaigns, remembered both for battlefield audacity and for his proximity to the Nazi leadership's downfall.

Source:  
https://en.wikipedia.org/  
https://www.tracesofwar.com/  
https://www.lexikon-der-wehrmacht.de/  
https://rk.balsi.de/index.php?action=list&cat=300  
https://www.geni.com/  
https://forum.axishistory.com/  
https://www.wehrmacht-awards.com/forums/  
https://www.bundesarchiv.de/en/  
https://web.archive.org/web/20091027052912fw_/http://geocities.com/orion47.geo/index2.html  
https://www.unithistories.com/units_index/index.php?file=/officers/personsx.html  
Padfield, Peter: Himmler: Reichsführer S.S. (1991)  
Various archival documents from Bundesarchiv and unit histories on Waffen-SS cavalry formations.

Oberst Johannes Steinhoff (1913-1994)

Johannes Steinhoff was a Luftwaffe fighter ace during World War II, a German general in the postwar Bundeswehr, and a senior NATO official. Born on 15 September 1913 in Bottendorf, Thuringia, then part of the Province of Saxony in Prussia within the German Empire, he rose to become one of the highest-scoring pilots of the conflict with 176 confirmed aerial victories achieved over 993 operational sorties. Steinhoff flew combat missions from the first day of the war in September 1939 until April 1945 and was among the very few Luftwaffe pilots to operate the revolutionary Messerschmitt Me 262 jet fighter in action as a member of Jagdverband 44 under Adolf Galland. He survived twelve shoot-downs himself and endured severe burns in a fiery crash during the final weeks of the war. Decorated with the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords, Steinhoff later received high civilian honors including the Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany, the American Legion of Merit, and the French Legion of Honour. After the conflict he played a pivotal role in rebuilding West Germany's air force and served as Inspector of the Luftwaffe and Chairman of the NATO Military Committee, while also participating in the late-war Fighter Pilots' Revolt against Hermann Göring's leadership.

The son of an agricultural mill-worker father and a traditional housewife mother, Steinhoff grew up with two brothers named Bernd and Wolf and two sisters named Greta and Charlotte. One sister, Charlotte, later married Ludwig Hahn, who commanded the Security Police and Security Service in occupied Warsaw and was involved in the Warsaw Ghetto operations. After attending the Klosterschule Roßleben convent school where he studied classics and languages including French, English, Latin, and Greek, Steinhoff enrolled at the University of Jena from 1932 to 1934 to study philology. There he joined the Landsmannschaft Suevia academic fencing fraternity. Financial difficulties forced him to leave university, leading him to enlist in the Kriegsmarine in 1934 as a naval flying cadet alongside his friend Dietrich Hrabak. In 1936 he transferred to the newly reestablished Luftwaffe, where he was promoted to Leutnant on 1 April 1936 and to Oberleutnant on 1 January 1939. On 29 April 1939 he married Ursula, with whom he had a son named Wolf and a daughter also named Ursula, the latter later marrying an American economics professor and Colorado state senator.

In the summer of 1939 the Luftwaffe experimented with single-engine night fighter tactics, and Steinhoff was appointed Staffelkapitän of the 11th Night Fighter Squadron of Lehrgeschwader 2 at Greifswald, initially equipped with Arado Ar 68 biplanes before switching to Messerschmitt Bf 109 D variants. With the outbreak of war on 1 September 1939 he moved to Jagdgeschwader 26 and took command of its newly formed 10th Night Fighter Squadron at Bonn-Hangelar. During the Battle of the Heligoland Bight on 18 December 1939 he claimed two Vickers Wellington bombers from RAF Bomber Command shot down south-southwest of the island. In early 1940 his unit became the 11th Night Fighter Squadron of Jagdgeschwader 2, and he participated in Operation Weserübung in Norway before supporting the Battle of France, where he downed two Bristol Blenheim bombers on 10 May 1940 near The Hague and Düsseldorf. Transferred in August 1940 to the 4th Squadron of Jagdgeschwader 52, he scored his fifth victory, a Supermarine Spitfire over Dorking during the Battle of Britain on 30 September 1940, and continued claiming additional Spitfires along the English Channel coast into 1941.

Steinhoff's career accelerated dramatically after the invasion of the Soviet Union in June 1941 when II Gruppe of Jagdgeschwader 52 moved east to support Army Group North. Operating from forward airfields such as Suwałki, Varėna, and later Spasskaya Polist on the Polist River south of Chudovo, the unit engaged Soviet fighters and bombers amid dense forests and river lines near Lake Ladoga. Steinhoff opened his Eastern Front tally on the first day of Operation Barbarossa by downing a Polikarpov I-153 biplane near Varėna in Lithuania, followed quickly by an Ilyushin DB-3 bomber. By late August the Gruppe was heavily engaged supporting the 18th Army's advance, and on 29 August 1941 southeast of Kolpino he spotted a lone I-15 fighter low over the battlefield. Diving through patchy cloud and ground haze in his Bf 109, Steinhoff closed rapidly and raked the Soviet biplane with cannon and machine-gun fire, sending it spiraling down in flames to crash near enemy lines. This 35th victory secured him the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross on 30 August 1941 as Oberleutnant and Staffelkapitän.

By early 1942 Steinhoff had assumed command of II Gruppe of Jagdgeschwader 52, which redeployed to the Stalingrad sector and operated from Tusov airfield southwest of Kalach-na-Donu on the Don River's western bank amid ferocious air battles protecting German advances and countering dense Soviet formations of LaGG-3 fighters and Il-2 Sturmoviks. On the hot afternoon of 31 August 1942 he led his squadrons into a swirling melee above the river. First engaging a LaGG-3 in a tight turning fight at medium altitude, he exploited the Bf 109 G's superior climb and roll to outmaneuver the heavier opponent and disintegrate it with close-range fire, pieces tumbling toward the Volga. Moments later he pursued a second LaGG-3 attempting to escape at low level through scattered clouds and flak, finishing it with precise bursts into the cockpit. These two kills brought his total to 101 and earned him the Knight's Cross with Oak Leaves on 2 September 1942 as the 115th recipient, presented personally by Adolf Hitler in November alongside other leading aces.

Transferred in April 1943 to become Geschwaderkommodore of Jagdgeschwader 77 in the Mediterranean theater, Steinhoff led defensive operations over Tunisia, Sicily, and Italy against overwhelming Allied bomber streams. On 25 June 1943 northwest of Trapani in Sicily, amid hazy weather and confused intelligence after USAAF B-17s bombed Messina, he pressed through thick contrails at high altitude with only a handful of fighters and closed on a straggling Flying Fortress from astern. Targeting the left wing engines and fuselage with cannon fire, he ignited flames at the wing root; the B-17 rolled onto its back and plunged into the Mediterranean in a long fiery arc. This four-engine victory, achieved under extreme pressure, contributed to his promotion to Oberstleutnant and the award of the Knight's Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords on 28 July 1944 after 168 victories. Steinhoff later commanded the first Me 262-equipped Jagdgeschwader 7 before joining Jagdverband 44 in early 1945, where he scored additional jet kills. His flying ended abruptly on 18 April 1945 at München-Riem when, during takeoff in formation against American raids, his left wheel struck debris, causing the jet to veer wildly, nearly collide with another aircraft, run off the runway, and explode in flames. Pulled from the burning wreckage, he suffered disfiguring burns requiring two years of hospitalization and sixty-nine operations, including eyelid reconstruction by a British surgeon.

After the war Steinhoff served as a consultant on military aviation during West Germany's rearmament and joined the Bundeswehr in 1955. He rose rapidly, becoming Inspector of the Luftwaffe from September 1966 to December 1970 and then Chairman of the NATO Military Committee from 1971 to 1974. He authored several books drawing on his experiences, including accounts of operations over Sicily and reflections on the final hours of the war. Steinhoff died on 21 February 1994 in Wachtberg-Pech near Bonn at the age of eighty, remembered as both a brilliant combat leader who fought through every theater of the air war and a key architect of postwar German and Allied air power.

Source:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Steinhoff
https://www.tracesofwar.com/persons/34548/Steinhoff-Johannes.htm
https://www.lexikon-der-wehrmacht.de/Personenregister/S/SteinhoffJ.htm
https://rk.balsi.de/index.php?action=list&cat=300
https://www.unithistories.com/units_index/index.php?file=/officers/personsx.html
https://forum.axishistory.com/
https://www.wehrmacht-awards.com/forums/
https://www.bundesarchiv.de/en/
https://www.geni.com/
https://aircrewremembered.com/KrackerDatabase/?q=units
https://www.ww2.dk/lwoffz.html
https://grokipedia.com/
Steinhoff, Johannes: Messerschmitts Over Sicily (via books.google.com)
Steinhoff, Johannes: In letzter Stunde (via books.google.com)
Spick, Mike: Luftwaffe Fighter Aces (via books.google.com)
Mathews, Andrew J. & Foreman, John: Luftwaffe Aces (via books.google.com)

Generalleutnant Rainer Stahel (1892-1955)

Rainer Stahel was a German lieutenant general of the Luftwaffe during the Second World War, born on 15 January 1892 in Bielefeld in the German Empire and who died on 30 November 1955 in Soviet captivity. He served in both world wars and is particularly remembered for his defensive commands on the Eastern Front in 1944, first as commandant of Fortress Vilna during the Vilnius Offensive and then as the initial military commandant of Warsaw at the outbreak of the Warsaw Uprising. His career spanned the Prussian Army, the Finnish forces in the Finnish Civil War, and later the Luftwaffe’s Flak artillery and ground commands, culminating in rapid promotions and high decorations including the Knight’s Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords. After the war he was arrested by the NKVD in Romania and spent the rest of his life in Soviet prisons, where he faced interrogation over his conduct in Warsaw.

Stahel began his military service on 1 April 1911 as a Fahnenjunker in the 1st Lothringian Infantry Regiment No. 130 of the Prussian Army. He attended the war school in Hersfeld and was commissioned as Leutnant in October 1912. During the First World War he fought on the Western Front, rising to Oberleutnant in January 1916 and serving as a company commander. In May 1916 he transferred to the 27th Jäger Battalion, known as the Finnish Hunters, initially operating in Courland before deploying to Finland. There, during the Finnish Civil War of 1918, he joined the White Finnish forces, quickly advancing to Hauptmann and then Finnish Oberstleutnant. He served successively as chief of staff of the 1st Division and as a regiment commander before being discharged from the Finnish Army in November 1919. For his Finnish service he received the Order of the Cross of Liberty in both 3rd and 2nd Class with Swords, the Jäger Cross, the Finnish Commemorative Medal for the War of Freedom, and other honors, alongside German awards including both classes of the Iron Cross.

In the interwar years Stahel remained in Finland until the early 1920s, commanding a protection corps detachment in Turku as part of the Border Guard and serving as a reserve officer in the Finnish Army until 1934. He returned to Germany in 1934, re-entering the Reichswehr as a Hauptmann and working as a referent in the Army Weapons Office in Berlin. In spring 1935 he transferred to the Luftwaffe and was assigned to the Reich Aviation Ministry, where he contributed to the development of Flak artillery. Promoted to Major in April 1936, he commanded light Flak battalions including the Light Reserve Flak Battalion 731 in Leipzig and later Reserve Flak Battalions 226 and 151. In 1940 he served as a Luftwaffe control officer and chief of staff with Control Commission I in Bourges in unoccupied France. These early wartime assignments prepared him for the intensive Flak and combined-arms roles that defined the remainder of his career.

With the German invasion of the Soviet Union in June 1941, Stahel assumed command of Flak Regiment 34 in central Russia and was promoted to Oberst in March 1942. He subsequently led Flak Regiment 99 in the southern sector before forming and commanding Kampfgruppe Stahel and elements associated with the 4th Luftwaffe Field Division during the Battle of Stalingrad. His defensive actions there earned him the Knight’s Cross of the Iron Cross on 18 January 1942 as commander of Flak Regiment 34 and the Oak Leaves on 4 January 1943 as commander of the Luftwaffe Kampfgruppe. On 21 January 1943 he was promoted to Generalmajor and transferred to Luftflotte 4. In May 1943 he took charge of the newly formed 22nd Flak Brigade in Italy, responsible for protecting the Strait of Messina during the Allied campaign in Sicily. Following the Italian armistice he became military commander of Rome in September 1943, overseeing security and anti-partisan measures in the Italian capital.

In July 1944 Stahel was rushed to Vilnius as commandant of Fortress Vilna amid the Soviet Vilnius Offensive. His garrison delayed the Red Army’s seizure of the city for several critical days through determined defense, earning him mention in the Wehrmachtbericht on 14 July 1944. For this action he received the Swords to the Knight’s Cross on 18 July 1944 and was promoted to Generalleutnant on 22 July 1944. Immediately afterward he was transferred to Warsaw, where he was appointed city commandant on 25 July 1944 with orders to maintain order, construct fortifications, and prepare defenses against the advancing Red Army. When the Soviet offensive halted, the Polish Home Army launched the Warsaw Uprising on 1 August 1944. Stahel found himself surrounded in his headquarters at the Saxon Palace on the first day of the uprising and quickly lost effective control of much of the city.

On 2 August 1944 Stahel issued emergency orders declaring a state of siege and directing German troops to kill all men identified as actual or potential insurgents, to use women and children as human shields, to execute Polish prisoners held in facilities such as Mokotów prison, and to burn houses while permitting looting of valuables from burning buildings. These directives, particularly those given to arriving units such as Grenadier Regiment East Prussia 4, contributed to widespread atrocities against Polish civilians during the opening phase of the suppression. On 4 August overall command of German forces in Warsaw passed to SS-Obergruppenführer Erich von dem Bach-Zelewski, and Stahel’s pocket was subordinated to the new command structure. Although elements of SS units reached his positions by 7 August, he did not regain authority over the full garrison. On 25 August 1944 he was reassigned to Bucharest to replace General Alfred Gerstenberg and prepare for urban fighting there. When Romanian forces loyal to King Michael I repelled German attempts to occupy the city and Romania declared war on the Axis on 25 August, Stahel was captured together with other German officers at Gherghița on 28 August 1944 and handed over to the NKVD.

Stahel was arrested by the Soviet secret police on 20 September 1944 along with Romanian figures including Field Marshal Ion Antonescu. He spent the remaining eleven years of his life in Soviet captivity, enduring interrogation focused on his role and orders during the Warsaw Uprising. Held in various prisons and camps, he ultimately died of a myocardial infarction on 30 November 1955 in Prisoner-of-War Camp 5110/48 Woikowo at Tschernzy near Ivanovo. The death occurred, according to accounts, shortly after he was informed of a possible transfer or release to Germany. Throughout his long service he had accumulated additional decorations including the War Merit Cross with Swords, the Anti-Aircraft Flak Battle Badge, the Winter Battle in the East Medal, and Finnish honors such as the Order of the White Rose of Finland. His remains lie in the German War Cemetery at Cherntsy.

Source:  
https://www.lexikon-der-wehrmacht.de/  
https://en.wikipedia.org/  
https://www.tracesofwar.com/  
https://grokipedia.com/  
https://rk.balsi.de/index.php?action=list&cat=300  
https://www.unithistories.com/units_index/index.php?file=/officers/personsx.html  
https://web.archive.org/web/20091027052912fw_/http://geocities.com/orion47.geo/index2.html  
https://forum.axishistory.com/  
https://www.wehrmacht-awards.com/forums/  
https://www.bundesarchiv.de/en/  
https://www.geni.com/  
https://books.google.com/  
Die Ritterkreuzträger der Deutschen Wehrmacht 1939-1945, Teil V: Die Flugabwehrtruppe, Franz Thomas & Günter Wegmann  
Schwerterträger Heft 28: Rainer Stahel, Verteidiger von Wilna  
WW2 Gravestone database

Generalleutnant Fritz Bayerlein (1899-1970)

Fritz Hermann Michael Bayerlein was a German general in the Wehrmacht during World War II who rose to the rank of Generalleutnant and became one of the most decorated panzer commanders of the conflict. Born on 14 January 1899 in Würzburg in the Kingdom of Bavaria within the German Empire he entered military service at the age of eighteen in June 1917 as a Fahnenjunker in the 9th Bavarian Infantry Regiment known locally as the Würzburg Neuner. His early experiences on the Western Front during the final year of the First World War included fierce defensive actions against British assaults where he earned the Iron Cross Second Class on 30 August 1918 for repulsing an enemy attack with his regiment. After the armistice Bayerlein remained in the reduced Reichswehr transitioning into staff and training roles that honed his operational skills and prepared him for the rapid expansion of the German Army under the Nazis. By the outbreak of the Second World War in 1939 he had already received clasps to both the 1914 and 1939 Iron Crosses distinguishing himself in the opening campaigns as a seasoned staff officer.

Bayerlein's career accelerated dramatically with the invasions of Poland and France where he served as an operations officer on the staff of General Heinz Guderian. In the Polish campaign of September 1939 he contributed to the swift armored breakthroughs that characterized Blitzkrieg tactics while during the Battle of France in May 1940 he helped coordinate the critical crossings of the Meuse River that shattered Allied defenses. Assigned to Guderian's Panzer Group 2 for Operation Barbarossa in June 1941 Bayerlein participated in the massive encirclement battles around Kiev demonstrating exceptional logistical planning amid the vast Soviet plains. Following these successes he was transferred in late 1941 to the staff of Generaloberst Erwin Rommel in North Africa initially serving under Generalmajor Walter Nehring and later directly under Rommel and Wilhelm von Thoma. As chief of staff of the Deutsches Afrika Korps he quickly became indispensable in the harsh desert environment coordinating supply lines fuel convoys and rapid panzer maneuvers against numerically superior British forces.

The pivotal actions that earned Bayerlein the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross on 26 December 1941 unfolded during Operation Crusader in November 1941 around the windswept ridges and airfield of Sidi Rezegh south of Tobruk. Swirling sandstorms mingled with choking dust clouds from hundreds of clashing tanks as British Crusader and Stuart armor charged across open ground while German 88-millimeter guns and panzers of the 15th and 21st Panzer Divisions launched classic all-arms counterattacks. On 23 November the 5th South African Brigade was shattered in desperate close-quarters fighting amid exploding shells that sent towering geysers of sand and smoke into the air. When the Afrika Korps commander was sidelined Bayerlein stepped forward to orchestrate rapid shifts of panzer regiments integrate Italian units and personally influence battlefield decisions amid burning vehicles and screaming wounded. Later during the long retreat to the El Agheila line he led the rearguard for more than three weeks through punishing shortages and British pursuit masterfully coordinating delaying actions and night marches that preserved the Korps as a fighting force earning praise for blending cool staff planning with on-the-ground command.

By early 1943 Axis forces in Tunisia were compressed into a shrinking bridgehead and Bayerlein now a Generalmajor served as German chief of staff to the 1st Italian Army under General Giovanni Messe. His leadership shone during the British Eighth Army's assault on the Enfidaville Line in April 1943 particularly at the rugged heights of Djebel Garci where Allied infantry clawed forward under mortar and machine-gun fire capturing the western dominating ridge after brutal hand-to-hand combat among boulders and dust. Despite suffering from rheumatism and jaundice Bayerlein personally assembled two Kampfgruppen of infantry panzers and artillery launching a violent pre-dawn counterthrust up the slopes. Grenades cracked against rocks and machine guns chattered as his men overran forward positions ejecting the attackers in savage close-quarters fighting that prolonged the defense of the line and bought precious time for reorganization before the final collapse in May. For these achievements he received the Oak Leaves to his Knight's Cross on 6 July 1943 shortly before being evacuated to Italy due to illness.

Transferred to the Eastern Front in October 1943 Bayerlein assumed command of the veteran 3rd Panzer Division which found itself surrounded at Kirovograd during the Soviet winter offensives of early 1944. Displaying tactical acumen he organized a successful breakout through the enemy encirclement extricating his depleted forces under constant artillery and tank pressure across frozen terrain littered with abandoned equipment. In February 1944 he was reassigned to form and lead the elite Panzer Lehr Division composed of training-school veterans equipped with the Wehrmacht's finest Panthers and Panzer IVs. Rushed to Normandy immediately after D-Day the division plunged into the dense bocage country around Tilly-sur-Seulles and Hottot southwest of Caen facing repeated British assaults from the 7th Armoured Division and others in some of the campaign's bloodiest attritional fighting. Hedgerows became natural fortresses and narrow lanes kill zones as Sherman tanks and infantry advanced under Typhoon rocket strikes and naval gunfire while Panzer Lehr's armor lurked in ambush.

Over three grueling weeks in June 1944 Bayerlein repeatedly averted disaster in the stifling bocage where every meter cost lives and fighter-bombers loomed overhead. On 14 June a British breakthrough threatened the sector prompting him to rush reserves and coordinate devastating counterattacks that slammed the door shut amid exploding hedgerows. Further crises erupted near Hottot on 19 June and especially on 25 June when waves of attackers hit under heavy artillery; Bayerlein personally oversaw shifting depleted companies and masterfully prevented collapse through close-range panzer fire and infantry assaults that threw the enemy back with burning vehicles strewn across the fields. The division also executed bold thrusts toward objectives like Port-en-Bessin capturing ground against furious counterattacks despite losing dozens of tanks to Allied air superiority. These actions delayed the British advance on Caen at horrific cost earning Bayerlein the Swords to his Knight's Cross on 20 July 1944. Later the unit endured the catastrophic Operation Cobra bombing near Saint-Lô slipped out of the Falaise Pocket and fought in the Ardennes Offensive as part of the XLVII Panzer Corps before Bayerlein was relieved of command after the offensive's failure.

In February 1945 Bayerlein took charge of the LIII Army Corps and led its remnants until surrendering to the United States Army in the Ruhr Pocket on 19 April 1945. Held as a prisoner of war until April 1947 he collaborated with other captured generals on detailed European battle histories for the U.S. Army Historical Division contributing invaluable operational insights. Upon release he continued writing on military topics and served as a technical advisor for the 1961 film The Guns of Navarone drawing on his extensive experience of combined-arms warfare. Bayerlein lived quietly in his native Würzburg until his death on 30 January 1970 at the age of seventy-one. Throughout his career he exemplified adaptability from desert staff genius to mountain counterattacker to bocage crisis manager turning repeated tactical crises into prolonged defenses or orderly withdrawals against superior forces. His decorations and commands reflected a lifetime of service marked by personal bravery logistical brilliance and resilience across multiple theaters from the sands of North Africa to the hedgerows of Normandy.

Source:
https://www.lexikon-der-wehrmacht.de/
https://en.wikipedia.org/
https://www.tracesofwar.com/
https://rk.balsi.de/index.php?action=list&cat=300
https://www.unithistories.com/units_index/index.php?file=/officers/personsx.html
https://web.archive.org/web/20091027052912fw_/http://geocities.com/orion47.geo/index2.html
https://forum.axishistory.com/
https://www.wehrmacht-awards.com/forums/
https://www.bundesarchiv.de/en/
https://www.geni.com/
https://books.google.com/
https://www.lexikon-der-wehrmacht.de/Personenregister/B/BayerleinF-R.htm
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Bayerlein
https://www.tracesofwar.com/persons/1812/Bayerlein-Fritz-Hermann-Michael-General.htm
Bayerlein: From Afrikakorps to Panzer Lehr (Buch)